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Aggression Flashcards

1
Q

How is agression defined?

A
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2
Q

How is violence defined?

A

Restricted to aggression using physical force

Aggression can be non-violent

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3
Q

What is Instrumental Agression?

A
  • Aggressive behavior as means to reach desired outcome
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4
Q

What needs does instrumental aggression serve?

A

serves mastery needs

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5
Q

What is hostile aggression?

A

Aggressive behavior motivated by negative emotion

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6
Q

Why is it hard to manipulate aggression in a study?

A
  • ethical problems
  • social desirability
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7
Q

How can we measure agression?

A
  • self-reports
  • other-reports
  • indirect observation
  • cover stories
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8
Q

What is an example for a aggression self-report?

A

Aggression Questionnaire (Buss & Perry, 1992)

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9
Q

What does Aggression Questionnaire (Buss & Perry, 1992) assess?

A

trait aggression

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10
Q

What is an example for a aggression other-report?

A

e.g., Peer – nominations in school class: Who are the bullies

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11
Q

What causes instrumental aggression?

A

opportunity for personal gain

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12
Q

On what depends the opportunity for personal gain to use instrumental aggression?

A

depends on cost-benefit calculation

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13
Q

What type of thinking and decision making is needed for a proper cost-benefit calculation to decide whether to use instrumental aggression?

A

systematic thinking & decision making

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14
Q

Perception of aggression as attaining positive rewards (positively/negatively) correlates with enacting aggressive behavior

A

Perception of aggression as attaining positive rewards positively correlates with enacting aggressive behavior

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15
Q

situational variables

What are the most robust predictors of aggressive behavior?

A

poverty and competition

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16
Q

What causes hostile aggression

A

Emotional response to (perceived) provocation

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17
Q

Hostile Aggression

aggressive act with (no or little/medium to high) regard to consequences

A

aggressive act with no or little regard to consequences

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18
Q

Is hostile aggression planned?

A

It can be

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19
Q

Hostile aggression

Often provoked by threat to ____ or ____

A

Often provoked by threat to self-esteem or social connectedness

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20
Q

Hostile aggression

Often provoked by threat to self-esteem or social connectedness. Especially when ___

A

Often provoked by threat to self-esteem or social connectedness. Especially when made publicly

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21
Q

What states the original formulation of the Frustration-Aggression Hypothesis

Dollard et al., 1939; Miller, 1941

A
  • Frustration triggers aggression (one possible response)
  • Frustration is blockage in reaching an important goal
  • Aggression driven by the goal to overcome frustration
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22
Q

Was ist mit Aggressionsverschiebung gemeint?

A

Tendenz, auf Frustration mit Aggression zu reagieren, die sich nicht auf die ursprüngliche Quelle für die Frustration richtet, sondern auf ein leichter erreichbares Ziel.

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23
Q

Frustration-Aggression Hypothesis

Whether aggression will be expressed is moderated by?
a) fear of punishment
b) genetic predisposition
c) Presence of aggressive cues
d) (un)availability of the source of frustration
c) daytime and moon phase

A

Whether aggression will be expressed is moderated by?
a) fear of punishment
b) genetic predisposition
c) Presence of aggressive cues
d) (un)availability of the source of frustration
c) daytime and moon phase

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24
Q

In (Berkowitz; 1960s) experiment regarding aggression. What was the result?
a) Mit dem Waffen-Cue gaben VPN im Schnitt einmal mehr einen elektrischen Schock
b) Die Anwesenheit von Waffen hatte keinen Einfluss auf aggressives Verhalten
c) Versuchspersonen zeigten weniger Aggression, wenn Waffen sichtbar waren
d) Nur Versuchspersonen mit Vorerfahrung im Umgang mit Waffen reagierten aggressiver
e) die Anwesenheit von Waffen führte zu erhöhtem aggressiven Verhalten, unabhängig davon, ob die Waffen mit der Zielperson assoziiert waren oder nicht

A

a) Mit dem Waffen-Cue gaben VPN im Schnitt einmal mehr einen elektrischen Schock
b) Die Anwesenheit von Waffen hatte keinen Einfluss auf aggressives Verhalten
c) Versuchspersonen zeigten weniger Aggression, wenn Waffen sichtbar waren
d) Nur Versuchspersonen mit Vorerfahrung im Umgang mit Waffen reagierten aggressiver
e) die Anwesenheit von Waffen führte zu erhöhtem aggressiven Verhalten, unabhängig davon, ob die Waffen mit der Zielperson assoziiert waren oder nicht

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25
What is the Weapon Effect?
Befund, dass Personen, die zuvor geärgert worden waren, in Gegenwart von Waffen mehr aggressives Verhalten zeigen als in Gegenwart neutraler Gegenstände.
26
Lies sich der Waffeneffekt gut replizieren?
Nein, aber dass aggressives Verhalten durch aggressive Hinweisreize gefördert wird
27
Based on Reformulation: Cognitive Neo-Associationist Model (Berkowitz): What does trigger aggression?
any negative affect triggered by any unpleasant situation can trigger aggression
28
# Cognitive Neo-Associationist Model (Berkowitz) Appraisal processes ____ aggressive response
Appraisal processes **increase or decrease** aggressive response
29
# Cognitive Neo-Associationist Model (Berkowitz) Aggression as initial ____ reaction
Aggression as initial **automatic** reaction
30
# Cognitive Neo-Associationist Model (Berkowitz) Activated by ____
Activated by **situational cues**
31
# Cognitive Neo-Associationist Model What are the two types of primitive associative reactions regarding an unpleasant event?
* aggression-related responses * escape-related responses
32
# Cognitive Neo-Associationist Model How does an aggression-related response lead to fight?
33
# Cognitive Neo-Associationist Model How does an escape-related response lead to flight?
34
# Excitation Transfer Theory (Zillmann, 1978) Wann findet die Fehlattribution statt?
wenn Person über Ursache der eigentlichen Erregung nicht mehr bewusst ist
35
# Cognitive Neo-Associationist Model What is the role of elaboration?
moderates via situational appraisal the feeling of rudimentary anger or rudimentary fear
36
# Triggers of Aggression What does the Excitation Transfer Theory (Zillmann, 1978) state? Physiological arousal increases effect of frustration if ____
Physiological arousal increases effect of frustration if **misattributed to frustration-related source**
37
# Evolutionary Origins of Aggression What is the Classical evolutionary view?
* strategy enhance survival and reproductive success * higher in men and boys (especially for dangerous aggression)
38
Why isn't that completely true?
* **aggression is only one of many available strategies**; forming alliances and collaboration can be equally / more successful * **Hormone-aggression links weaker in humans** than in other animals * Genetics can only explain less than half of the variance in aggression, **environmental influences are stronger**
39
# Learning Aggression What are the most important learning mechanisms?
* Direct Enforcement (punishments and rewards) * Observational learning (vicarious reinforcement)
40
# Learning Aggression – Social Learning Theory (Bandura) aggression can be learned through the ________ of models and the ________ associated with their behavior
aggression can be learned through the **observation** of models and the **consequences** associated with their behavior
41
What is meant by Observational Learning?
paying attention to the actions of a model (real person, symbolic models) and replicating or imitating those behaviors
42
What is meant by Vicarious Reinforcement?
learning by observing the consequences of other’s behavior
43
Vicarious Reinforcement: learning by observing the consequences of other’s behavior. What kind of observations are there?
* Observing rewarded / reinforcement increases likelihood of imitation * Observing punishment decreases likelihood of imitation
44
What are the cognitive processes associated with Social Learning Theory?
* attention * retention (Zurückhaltung) * reproduction and * motivation
45
Why is self-efficacy important regarding the Social Learning Theory?
* self-efficacy acts as a **powerful mediator** in the social learning process * **influencing how individuals acquire, process, and apply knowledge** gained through social interactions and observations
46
# Model Learning of Aggression What different types of models are being shown to the 4yo girls and boys?
* adult model, live * adult mode, film * cartoon model, film * (no model, contol)
47
# Classic experiment (Bandura, Ross & Ross, 1963) When is the aggressivenes score highest on model learning for 4yo boys and girls?
on cartoon model
48
# Model Learning of Aggression Why is the generalizability regarding Classic experiment (Bandura, Ross & Ross, 1963) questionable?
* Unrealistic stimulus (aggression towards doll): Bobo doll's design encourages hitting, potentially leading to **demand characteristics** where children behave as they think the experimenters expect * Appropriate Dependent Variable: aggressive behavior towards the Bobo doll) may **not be an appropriate measure of real-world aggression**
49
# Bobo Doll Paradigma Was konnte generell bestätigt werden?
Modelllernen von Aggression
50
What did Eron, 1963 found?
Desto mehr "violent programs" die Jungs geschaut haben, desto aggressiver waren sie laut peer ratings.
51
Anderson et al. (2003): ____% of TV content contains violent behavior
Anderson et al. (2003): **61**% of TV content contains violent behavior
52
Bushman & Anderson (2001): by 7th grade, a typical US-American child has observed more than ____ killings and ____ other violent actions in the media
Bushman & Anderson (2001): by 7th grade, a typical US-American child has observed more than **8000** killings and **100.000** other violent actions in the media
53
# Longitudinal study (van Huesmann et al., 2003) Does media violence affect aggressive behaviors?
Yes * Childhood Exposure Predicts Adult Aggression * study provided strong evidence for the long-term impact of media violence on aggressive behavior
54
Nenn die signifikanten Korrelationen
55
What mediates this correlation?
* expectation that violence is rewarded * availability of aggressive mental concepts * social norms formation related to aggression * dulling / habituation to violence * hostile interpretation of environment (attribution)
56
# Model Learning of Aggression? What is learned?
* Aggressive scripts (blueprints for behavior), * Normative beliefs
57
What is meant by Aggressive scripts?
* How to interpret situation * How to react on situation interpretation
58
What is meant by descriptive/prescriptive normative beliefs?
* Descriptive: how do others react * Prescriptive: how should I react
59
Restricting Norms typically target aggression towards (ingroup/outgroup) members
Restricting Norms typically target aggression towards **ingroup** members
60
Nenne Norms Restricting Aggression
* Prevent aggression (“turn the other cheek...”) * Limit and inhibit aggression (“Pick someone your own size.” “We do not hit girls.”) * Prevent escalation (“An eye for an eye...”) * Defining situational appropriateness of aggressive behavior (“Eat your vegetables or else...” at family dinner table vs. restaurant ) * Defining status / positions / roles for normative aggressive behavior
61
What are known Interindividual Differences regarding aggressiveness?
* Trait aggressiveness * Hostile Attribution Style * Gender
62
Aus welchen vier Komponenten besteht das Persönlichkeitsmerkmal Aggressivität?
* körperliche Aggression * verbale Aggression * Ärger * Feindseligkeit
63
Was ist mit dem feindseligen Attributionsstil gemeint?
Tendenz mehrdeutiges Verhalten einer anderen Person als Ausdruck einer feindseligen Absicht zu interpretieren
64
What are known Situational Differences regarding aggressiveness?
* Alcohol consumption * High Temperatures * Violent media contents * Culture
65
What is the status quo regarding gender differences in aggressiveness? Is it clear?
No, mixed findings * slightly more physical & verbal aggression in males (small-to moderate effect sizes) * no consistent difference in indirect/instrumental aggression * more indirect aggression in females
66
Why does Alcohol consumption lead to more aggressiveness?
related to increased aggression based on reduced cognitive control (alcohol myopia)
67
Why does Culture lead to differences in aggressiveness?
because of norms ((in)appropriateness of aggression)
68
Describe the General Aggression Model | (Anderson et al., 2000/02)
69
What is meant by Catharsis?
accumulated negative energy needs steaming off (hydraulic model) | Thus, aggressions needs to be acted out to be reduced
70
# Catharsis Thus, aggressions needs to be acted out to be reduced. What did Bushman, 2002 find regarding this?
Bushman's 2002 study directly contradicts the notion that aggression needs to be acted out to be reduced
71
Can punishment suppress aggression?
(threat of) punishment only works under certain conditions ## Footnote Punishment is often ineffective in preventing / deterring aggression
72
Does Distraction & De-escalation help lowering aggressiveness?
Yes
73
# Personality Explanations for suicide terrorists Merari et al. (2010): * ____ depression, slightly ____ „ego-strength“ (stress and regulation of affects), rather ____ and ____ personalities
Merari et al. (2010): * Higher depression, slightly lower „ego-strength“ (stress and regulation of affects), rather tense and fearful personalities
74
# Personality Explanations for suicide terrorists Kruglanski & Fishman (2009): Can education, SES, or personality reliable distinguish „normal“ people from terrorists?
No
75
Describe the six layers of Moghaddams staircase model of terorism (2005)
76
Aggression is defined by a motive to harm other or by actual consequences?
Aggression is defined by a motive to harm other
77
Catharsis does or does not reduce aggression?
Catharsis does not reduce aggression
78
The starting point of aggression is always an ____
The starting point of aggression is always an aversive unjust situation
79
Wie werden Hemmungen überwunden, um unschuldige Menschen in einem terroristischen Akt zu töten?
* Kategorisierung (Betonung der Differenzierung zw. Fremd- und Eigengruppe) * Distanzierung (Überbetonung der Unterschiede zw. Fremd- und Eigengruppe)

Sozialpsychologie (12 decks)

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