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Neuro > The Retina > Flashcards

The Retina Flashcards

1
Q

What is visual acuity?

A

the ability to resolve fine detail

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2
Q

What do the numbers in VA=6/60 mean?

A

The top number refers to the test distance of 6m, the bottom number refers to what distance a normal person could see it at but the person requires the test distance to see it. A VA of 6/60 is legally blind.

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3
Q

What optical factors affect VA?

A

pupil size, clarity of optical media, refractive errors

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4
Q

What are the 6 types of neurons in the retina?

A

rods, cones, horizontal cells, bipolar cells, amacrine cells, ganglion cells

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5
Q

What is the through pathway of the retina?

A

photoreceptors synapse with bipolar cells which synapse with ganglion cells

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6
Q

What cells are involved in lateral interactions in the retina?

A

horizontal cells and amacrine cells

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7
Q

What are the different types of bipolar cells and how are they classified?

A

there are 10 different bipolar cells - 9 are for cones, 1 is for rods - they are also classified according to whether they are on bipolar cells or off bipolar cells

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8
Q

How do on bipolar cells respond to light?

A

depolarise

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9
Q

How do off bipolar cells respond to light?

A

hyperpolarise

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10
Q

What type of neurotransmitter do horizontal cells release?

A

GABA - therefore they are inhibitory

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11
Q

How do horizontal cells respond to light?

A

they hyperpolarise

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12
Q

What neurotransmitter do amacrine cells release?

A

GABA and glycine - therefore they are inhibitory

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13
Q

How do on ganglion cells respond to light?

A

depolarise

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14
Q

How do off ganglion cells respond to light?

A

hyperpolarise

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15
Q

What neurotransmitter to ganglion cells release?

A

glutamate

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16
Q

What is the only cell in the retina that fires an action potential?

A

ganglion cells

17
Q

What is the receptive field property of a ganglion cell?

A

centre surround

18
Q

What happens when light hits a photoreceptor?

A

light activates rhodopsin which initiates a G protein cascade which activates PDE which breaks down cGMP which closes the cGMP gated sodium channels which hyperpolarises the cell

19
Q

What type of neurotransmitter do photoreceptors release?

A

glutamate

20
Q

What creates the centre surround receptive field property of a ganglion cell?

A

the through pathway creates the centre and input from horizontal cells determines the surround

21
Q

What is melanoma associated retinopathy?

A

a rare complication of melanoma where antibodies are produced and directed against on bipolar cells

Neuro (43 decks)

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