Face, Scalp and Parotid

Question 1

What are the anterior, posterior and lateral margins of the scalp?

Answer 1

the supraorbital margins, the external occipital protuberance and the zygomatic arches

Question 2

What are the layers of the scalp?

Answer 2

skin, connective tissue, aponeurosis, loose connective tissue, periosteum

Question 3

In what layer is the neurovascular plane of the scalp?

Answer 3

in the connective tissue

Question 4

What are the 3 reasons why scalp wounds bleed profusely?

Answer 4

there are rich anastamoses of the internal and external carotid arteries, the fibrous septa in the connective tissue layer hold the vessels open and the muscle on either side of the aponeurosis stop the wound from constricting

Question 5

What are the layers of the face?

Answer 5

skin, connective tissue, facial muscles, periosteum

Question 6

What allows the scalp to move on the skull?

Answer 6

the layer of loose connective tissue

Question 7

What cranial nerve innervates the facial muscles?

Answer 7

the facial nerve (VII)

Question 8

What nerves provide sensory innervation of the face and scalp?

Answer 8

the trigeminal nerve anterior to the ears and dorsal rami or cervical spinal nerves posterior to the ears

Question 9

What branches of the internal carotid artery supply the face?

Answer 9

supraorbital branches and supratrochlear branches

Question 10

What is the main branch of the external carotid artery which supplies the face and what is its path?

Answer 10

the facial artery - winds over the inferior angle of the mandible and then follows a torturous course along the face until it reaches the medial angle of the eye

Question 11

What are the branches of the external carotid artery which supply the scalp?

Answer 11

superficial temporal artery, posterior auricular artery, occipital artery

Question 12

What are the lymph nodes which drain the face and scalp?

Answer 12

submental, submandibular, pre-auricular, parotid, posterior auricular, occipital

Question 13

Where is the parotid gland?

Answer 13

sits below the zygomatic arch, in front of mastoid process of temporal bone, above the angle of the mandible, behind masseter, on top of the styloid process

Question 14

What is the path of the parotid duct?

Answer 14

emerges from anterior border of the gland onto masseter - when it gets to anterior edge of masseter it turns inwards and pierces buccinator and enters the oral cavity near the second upper molar

Question 15

What are the structures within the parotid gland?

Answer 15

facial nerve, retromandibular vein, external carotid artery (from superficial to deep) and parotid lymph nodes throughout

Question 16

What is the external path of the facial nerve?

Answer 16

exits the skull through the stylomastoid foramen, gives off the posterior auricular branch, then enters the parotid gland where it makes a plexiform (pes anserinus) and then 5 terminal branches emerge

Question 17

What are the 5 terminal branches of the facial nerve?

Answer 17

temporal, zygomatic, buccal, mandibular, cervical

Question 18

What are the 2 terminal branches of the external carotid artery?

Answer 18

maxillary and superficial temporal arteries