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A&P II > The Respiratory System III > Flashcards

The Respiratory System III Flashcards

1
Q

Because oxygen very soluble in plasma, _____% of it must be bound to _____
in order to be carried.

A

is not; 98; hemoglobin

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2
Q

Each molecule of hemoglobin can carry _____ molecules of oxygen.

A

four

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3
Q

Hemoglobin that is fully saturated with oxygen is called _____; when no oxygen is bound,
it is called _____.

A

oxyhemoglobin;

deoxyhemoglobin

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4
Q

As the temperature in the blood increases, the binding of oxygen to hemoglobin _____,
and thus the delivery of oxygen to tissue _____

A

decreases; increases

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5
Q

As the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the blood increases, the binding of oxygen to
hemoglobin _____, and thus the delivery of oxygen to tissue _____.

A

decreases; increases

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6
Q

As blood pH decreases, _____ bind to hemoglobin. This causes the binding of oxygen to
hemoglobin to _____, and thus the delivery of oxygen to tissue to _____. (This is called
the _____.)

A

hydrogen ions; decrease;

increase; Bohr effect

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7
Q

Red blood cells produce _____ to control the binding of oxygen to hemoglobin.

A

2,3-bisphosphoglycerate (2,3-

BPG)

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8
Q

Levels of _____ in erythrocytes are increased at high altitudes to enhance oxygen delivery
to tissues.

A

2,3-bisphosphoglycerate (2,3-

BPG)

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9
Q

As levels of 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate in erythrocytes increase, the binding of oxygen to
hemoglobin _____, and thus the delivery of oxygen to tissue _____.

A

decreases; increases

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10
Q

With each oxygen molecule that hemoglobin binds, its shape changes to allow it to _____.
This allows it to bind oxygen quickly in the lungs, and to release it quickly in oxygen-poor
tissues.

A

bind the next one with higher

affinity

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11
Q

Most tissues don’t need nearly as much oxygen as hemoglobin can carry; however, in
_____, including the _____, the partial pressure of oxygen is very low and most of
hemoglobin’s oxygen is released.

A

active muscle tissue; heart

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12
Q

The partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the alveoli is _____ than in the blood.

A

slightly lower

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13
Q

The partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the tissues is always _____ than in the blood.

A

higher

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14
Q

70% of the carbon dioxide in the blood is transported as _____; conversion of carbon
dioxide to this chemical dramatically increases the rate at which carbon dioxide can be
removed from tissue and transported to the lungs.

A

bicarbonate ions

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15
Q

20% of the carbon dioxide in the blood is transported by _____; 10% or so is found _____.

A

hemoglobin; in the blood

plasma

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16
Q

____ refers to an elevation in carbon dioxide levels in the blood.

A

Hypercapnia

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17
Q

As the oxygen saturation of hemoglobin _____, its ability to carry carbon dioxide _____.
This is known as the _____.

A

decreases; increases; Haldane

effect

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18
Q

The reaction that forms carbonic acid is: _____.

A

CO2

+ H2O –> H2CO3

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19
Q

. Carbonic acid dissociates to form _____ and _____. This reaction is _____.

A 
hydrogen ions OR H+
; 
bicarbonate OR HCO3
-
; 
reversible
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20
Q

Much of the bicarbonate in the body is produced by _____.

A

erythrocytes

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21
Q

Formation of carbonic acid in an aqueous solution is spontaneous but slow. In
erythrocytes, where it must occur quickly, it is _____.

A

catalyzed by an enzyme

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22
Q 
The carbonic acid/bicarbonate interconversion is \_\_\_\_\_, and this allows bicarbonate to act 
as a(n) \_\_\_\_\_ in the bloodstream. Indeed, it is the most important one!
A

reversible; buffer

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23
Q

As negative bicarbonate ions leave erythrocytes, negative _____ ions enter to maintain
the electrical neutrality of the cell. This is called the _____.

A

chloride; chloride shift

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24
Q

Normal, quiet breathing, at a typical ventilation rate, is called _____.

A

eupnea

25
Q

Difficult or labored respiration is called _____.

A

dyspnea

26
Q

Absence of breathing is called _____.

A

apnea

27
Q

Deep, vigorous respiration, common during exercise, is called _____.

A

hyperpnea

28
Q

The _____ center, located in the medulla, contains two groups of neurons which control
respiration: the _____ and the _____ groups.

A

medullary respiratory; dorsal

respiratory; ventral respiratory

29
Q

The dorsal respiratory group, located in the _____, generates _____ which stimulate
contraction of the _____.

A

medulla; rhythmic nerve

impulses; diaphragm

30
Q

Although unproven, current thinking holds that nerve impulses from the _____ group not
only instigate inspiration but also lead to its time-delayed inhibition.

A

dorsal respiratory

31
Q

The ventral respiratory group, located in the _____, is required during forceful breathing to
recruit the _____.

A

medulla; intercostal and

abdominal muscles

32
Q

The pontine respiratory group, located in the _____, is thought to _____ and prevent
_____ by inhibiting the medullary respiration centers.

A

pons; modify the breathing
rhythm; overinflation of the
lungs

33
Q

When the chemoreceptors in the _____, _____ and _____ sense an increase in levels of
carbon dioxide in the blood, they signal the respiratory control center to _____ the
breathing rate.

A

medulla oblongata; carotid

arteries; aorta; increase

34
Q

When the chemoreceptors in the _____, _____ and _____ sense a decrease in the pH of
the blood, they signal the respiratory control center to _____ the breathing rate.

A

medulla oblongata; carotid

arteries; aorta; increase

35
Q

When the chemoreceptors in the _____, _____ and _____ sense an increase in levels of
hydrogen ions in the blood, they signal the respiratory control center to _____ the
breathing rate.

A

medulla oblongata; carotid

arteries; aorta; increase

36
Q

Of the three major chemoreceptor clusters, detection of _____ by the _____ exerts the
most control on breathing rate.

A

carbon dioxide; medulla

oblongata

37
Q

When the chemoreceptors in the _____ and _____ sense a decrease in levels of oxygen
in the blood, they signal the respiratory control center to _____ the breathing rate.

A

carotid arteries; aorta; increase

38
Q

When stretch receptors in the walls of the bronchi and bronchioles are _____, inspiration
is discontinued in a reflex called the _____ or _____.

A

fully stretched; Hering-Breuer

reflex; inflation reflex

39
Q

Pulmonary irritant reflexes respond to irritation of the respiratory tract by causing _____,
followed by increased _____ and _____ through the irritated passageway. Examples
include coughing and sneezing.

A

reflex constriction of the glottis;
pulmonary pressure; explosive
release

40
Q

The cerebral cortex can exert voluntary control over respiration by bypassing the
medullary centers and _____.

A

directly stimulating the

respiratory muscles

41
Q

Sympathetic centers in the _____ modify the ventilation rate and depth in response to
strong emotions, abrupt temperature changes, and pain.

A

hypothalamus

42
Q

Anaerobic exercises causes a dramatic increase in ventilation rate due to the production
of _____, which lowers _____. Indeed, respiration is so rapid that carbon dioxide levels
may be _____, and oxygen levels _____, than their resting levels.

A

lactic acid; blood pH; lower;

higher

43
Q

Aerobic exercise alters breathing rate within seconds, in part due to direct communication
between _____ and the _____.

A

motor pathways; medullary

respiratory center

44
Q

Aerobic exercise alters breathing rate within seconds, in part due to signals sent from
_____ to the _____, informing it of the body’s exertion.

A

proprioceptors in the body;

medullary respiratory center

45
Q

After the initial rapid increase in ventilation rate, aerobic exercise causes a slow,
sustained increase. ‘How’ remains unknown, but it is NOT due to changes in average
_____, nor to changes in _____ or _____ concentrations, which remain constant.

A

blood pH; oxygen; carbon

dioxide

46
Q

Adaptations to high altitudes include an increase in _____, elevated _____, and increased
production of erythropoietin (and thus of _____).

A

ventilation rate; 2,3-BPG; RBCs

47
Q

'’COPD’’ refers to a group of diseases that result in chronic and progressive dyspnea,
often accompanied by coughing, frequent pulmonary infections, and respiratory failure.
The acronym means, ‘_____.’

A

chronic obstructive pulmonary

diseases

48
Q

Obstructive emphysema is a COPD which is characterized by _____ and _____.

A

permanently enlarged alveoli;

deterioration of alveolar walls

49
Q

Chronic bronchitis is a COPD which results in _____, as well as inflammation and fibrosis
of the _____.

A

excessive mucus production;

lower respiratory mucosa

50
Q

Although asthma is a chronic disease, it is not classified as a “COPD” because the
symptoms are not chronic. Asthma is characterized by acute attacks of coughing,
dyspnea, wheezing, and chest tightness, brought on by _____.

A

acute inflammation of the

airways

51
Q

_____ is an infectious disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis and
spread by coughing and inhalation.

A

Tuberculosis (TB)

52
Q

Until the 1930s, one third of the deaths in the 20-45 year old age group were due to
_____. Antibiotics changed that, but the use of these drugs in ways which allowed one or
more bacteria to survive has led to the evolution of _____.

A

tuberculosis (TB); antibiotic

resistant strains

53
Q

As of the year 2000, one third of all cancer deaths are due to _____: only one in ten
affected individuals is a non-smoker, highlighting the contribution of smoking to the
development of the disease.

A

lung cancer

54
Q

One of _____ types of lung cancer, squamous cell carcinoma arises in the _____, and
tends to form masses that hollow out and bleed.

A

three; epithelium of the bronchi

55
Q

One of _____ types of lung cancer, adenocarcinoma originates in _____ as nodules that
develop from _____ and _____.

A

three; peripheral lung areas;

bronchial glands; alveolar cells

56
Q

One of _____ types of lung cancer, small cell carcinoma contains _____ cells that form
clusters within the _____ and rapidly metastasize.

A

three; lymphocyte-like;

mediastinum

57
Q

As we age, the thoracic wall becomes _____, the lungs lose _____, and the amount of
oxygen we can use during aerobic respiration decreases. These changes are accelerated
markedly in _____ individuals.

A

more rigid; elasticity; inactive

58
Q

The protection provided by mucus declines with age due to alterations in _____, and a
decline in the _____ of epithelial cells in the respiratory tract.

A

mucous glands; ciliary action

A&P II (11 decks)

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