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A&P II > The Immune System I > Flashcards

The Immune System I Flashcards

1
Q

The body has three lines of defense against attack by foreign invaders: _____, _____ and
_____.

A

non-specific barriers; non-specific defenses; specific defenses

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2
Q

The skin is an example of a(n) _____. Physically, the outer layer is highly-cross-linked
keratin and is waterproof, blocking many invaders and their toxins.

A

non-specific barrier

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3
Q

Invaders not only have difficulty penetrating the skin’s structure, they are also repelled or
destroyed by the skin’s _____

A

acidic secretions

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4
Q

. Tears, saliva, and other secretions include lysozyme which _____.

A

breaks down bacterial walls

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5
Q

Mucous membranes and the cells that line them serve as a(n) _____: invaders become
trapped in the mucous and are swept out by _____.

A

non-specific barrier; ciliated

cells

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6
Q

Most microbes living in the food (or drink) which we ingest are destroyed by _____ before
they can cross into the body: this is a(n) _____.

A

gastric juices; non-specific

barrier

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7
Q

_____ are found on many bodily surfaces; they remove nutrients and other materials that
would otherwise be available to pathogenic species.

A

Symbiotic bacteria

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8
Q

The second line of defense in the immune system uses _____ to attack a(n) _____
invader.

A

chemical and cellular methods;

unrecognized

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9
Q

Lymphocytes which mature in the lymph system (as opposed to in the marrow or thymus)
are called _____, and are a part of the non-specific defense system.

A

natural killer (NK) cells

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10
Q

_____ recognize cells whose surface markers are drastically “non-self” - missing major
markers or containing non-human glycoproteins - and kill them. (They [are/are not?]
phagocytic.)

A

NK cells; are not

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11
Q

Neutrophils and macrophages ingest _____, and so play a role in non-specific defenses.

A

foreign material and debris

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12
Q

Macrophages sometimes kill their prey with chemicals including peroxide and bleach in a
process called _____.

A

the respiratory burst

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13
Q

A set of about 20 proteins present in the blood that, when activated, bind to pathogens
and both _____ and _____ are called “complement.”

A

attract phagocytes; disrupt the

pathogen’s membranes

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14
Q

In the “classical pathway” for complement activation, complement proteins recognize
_____.

A

antibodies bound to antigens

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15
Q

In the “alternative pathway” for complement activation, complement proteins recognize
_____.

A

polysaccharides on a

microorganism’s surface

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16
Q

“Viral infections” are infections in which viral _____ enter the cell, and the cell is forced to
make _____ instead of, or in addition to, its own.

A

nucleic acids; viral proteins

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17
Q

Many cells, after being infected by a virus, manage to secrete _____ which stimulate
neighboring cells to resist viral infection and ultimately signal the immune system.

A

interferons (IFNs)

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18
Q

_____ is a systemic response in which cellular metabolism is accelerated and which
creates a hostile environment to the invader: the danger is that, if excessive, it may also
damage host tissue.

A

Fever

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19
Q

The four signs of acute inflammation are _____, _____, _____, and _____.

A

redness; heat; swelling; pain

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20
Q

The inflammatory response is a(n) _____.

A

non-specific defense

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21
Q

The inflammatory response is initiated when _____ and nearby circulating cells.

A

chemicals are released by

injured cells

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22
Q

Vasodilation increases _____ and causes redness and heat.

A

blood flow

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23
Q

Increased _____ causes local edema; this in turn causes swelling and pain.

A

capillary permeability

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24
Q

Increased capillary permeability allows clotting factors to leak into the interstitial fluid: as a
result _____.

A

pathogens become trapped in

the resulting fibrin mesh

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25
Q

Phagocytes and lymphocytes are attracted to the signals released by damaged tissue in a
process called _____.

A

chemotaxis

26
Q

_____ (white blood cell production) is increased in response to signals released by _____
during the inflammatory response.

A

Leukopoiesis; damaged tissue

27
Q

_____ is produced by the liver. This protein has several functions in immunity; it is used
as a diagnostic tool, since its presence indicates that _____.

A

CRP (C-reactive protein);
inflammation is present
somewhere in the body

28
Q

As leukocytes approach the injury, they begin to _____, rather than floating freely in the
blood. This process is called _____.

A

cling to the capillary walls and

‘walk’ along them; margination

28
Q

If the body is able to recognize an invader, a third line of defense is available: the _____
of the immune system.

A

specific (or adaptive) branch

28
Q

When leukocytes find the damaged region, they _____ into the interstitial area in a
process called _____.

A

squeeze through the
permeable capillaries;
diapedesis

28
Q

Adaptive immunity requires five tasks: _____, _____, _____, _____ and _____.

A

recognition; lymphocyte
selection; lymphocyte
activation; destruction;
memorization

28
Q

One task of the immune system is recognition of alien (_____) cells. To assist in this task,
self cells include proteins in their plasma membrane called _____ proteins which serve as
a highly recognizable uniform.

A

non-self; major
histocompatibility complex
(MHC)

28
Q

The MHC proteins are also called the _____.

A

human leukocyte antigen (HLA)

28
Q

Proteins for the MHC originate from 20 _____ with over 50 _____ each, so that no two
individuals will have the same MHC.

A

genes; alleles

28
Q

During the construction of the MHC _____ are incorporated. Abnormal proteins in the
MHC are recognized by T-lymphocytes as “non-self.”

A

small pieces of proteins from

within the cell

29
Q

There are two types of MHC: MHCI is displayed by _____, but MHCII is presented by
_____. The latter carries the news of the infection throughout the body or serves to signal
that help is needed in an infected region.

A

all body cells; cells within the

immune system only

30
Q

Cells that present the MHCI are doing to so say, in essence, “Look what I _____.”

A

made

31
Q

Antigen presenting cells are phagocytes that have _____ . They break
down antigens and _____.

A

ingested an invader;

incorporate pieces into MHCII

32
Q

Cells that present the MHCII are doing to so say, in essence, “Look what I _____.”

A

ate

33
Q

Cells that present the MHCII are called _____.

A

antigen presenting cells, or

APCs

34
Q

In 2011, a Nobel prize was awarded for work describing one type of _____, the dendritic
cell.

A

APC OR antigen presenting cell

35
Q

Dendritic cells are produced in the bone marrow and migrate to _____.

A

peripheral tissues and organs

36
Q

Dendritic cells in peripheral tissue _____ but cannot yet activate T-cells, and so are said
to be immature.

A

phagocytose pathogens

37
Q

Dendritic cells that have phagocytosed a pathogen migrate to _____, maturing on the way

A

lymph nodes

38
Q

Once mature, dendritic cells are no longer phagocytic; instead, they specialize in _____,
and activating them.

A

presenting antigens to T-cells

39
Q

_____ can be recognized by antibodies or lymphocyte receptors without modification.

A

Complete antigens

40
Q

Antigens are often large, and may have many sites (called _____ or _____) to which
antibodies or lymphocyte receptors may bind.

A

antigenic determinants;

epitopes

41
Q

Haptens are _____ that are too small to _____, but which may interact with proteins of the
body and then may be recognized as potentially harmful.

A

incomplete antigens; stimulate

the immune response

42
Q

The cells responsible for distinguishing self from non-self cells are the _____.

A

lymphocytes

43
Q

Each lymphocyte can recognize _____ antigens, and so the body’s ability
to recognize many different antigens depends on having _____.

A

one single; many different

lymphocytes

44
Q

_____ involves recognition of an antigen by a specific lymphocyte, after which the
lymphocyte is ready for activation.

A

Lymphocyte selection

45
Q

Lymphocytes remain inactive and do no proliferate until _____ and (usually) a co-stimulator is sensed.

A

an antigen is recognized

46
Q

Activation of a lymphocyte refers to the cell’s commitment to proliferate. Since each
daughter cell recognizes the same antigen, the process is called _____.

A

clonal selection

47
Q

Since each antigen may have several sites to which antibodies may bind, more than one
B-cell clone may produce antibodies to each antigen. A collection of such antibodies is
said to be _____.

A

polyclonal

48
Q

If one single B-cell is cloned in the laboratory by selection against one single antigenic
determinant on an antigen, only one type of antibody is produced. Such antibodies are
said to be _____.

A

monoclonal

49
Q

Most lymphocytes, in order to become activated after an antigen binds, must also bind to
a(n) _____. This serves as a “double-check” to prevent _____.

A

co-stimulator; accidental

activation

50
Q

_____ or _____ act as co-stimulators

A

Chemicals released by nearby
cells; membrane proteins on
the non-self or abnormal cel

51
Q

Killer T-cells, as part of the adaptive immune response, _____ and _____ the pathogen
directly. They are also called _____ cells, because of the type of receptor on their surface.

A

recognize; attack; CD8

52
Q

Antibodies bound to a pathogen trigger attacks by _____.

A

the innate immune system

53
Q

When activated lymphocytes proliferate, some of the daughter cells are always _____:
they must _____ if they are to become activated.

A

inactive; bind antigens

A&P II (11 decks)

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