The Respiratory System II Flashcards
Each lung is surrounded by its own _____ and connected to the mediastinum by vascular
and bronchial attachments called the _____.
pleural cavity; lung root
The parietal pleura covers the thoracic wall, superior face of the diaphragm, and continues
_____, forming the boundary of the _____.
around the heart between the
lungs; mediastinum
Blood vessels, bronchi, nerves, and lymphatic vessels enter the lungs at the _____, which
is found on the _____ surface.
hilus; medial or mediastinal
There are two circulations that serve the lungs: the _____ and _____.
pulmonary network; bronchial
arteries
The pulmonary network carries _____.
blood to the lungs for
oxygenation
The bronchial arteries provide _____.
oxygenated blood to the
trachea and bronchi
The lungs have two lymphatic supplies: the superficial lymphatic vessels drain lymph from
_____.
the outer lung and the pleura
The lungs have two lymphatic supplies: the deep lymphatic vessels drain lymph from the
_____.
bronchi and from the lungs’
connective tissues
In the alveoli, lymphatic vessels are _____.
absent OR not found
The lungs are innervated by _____ motor fibers that constrict or dilate the airways, as well
as sensory fibers.
autonomic
_____ means, quite simply, breathing. _____ means to breathe in, while _____ refers to
breathing out.
Pulmonary ventilation;
Inspiration; expiration
. _____ is the process of gas exchange between the blood and the lungs.
External respiration
_____ is the process of gas exchange between the fluids of the body and the cells.
Internal respiration
_____ is the process by which cells produce ATP, producing water and carbon dioxide as
wastes and using oxygen as an electron acceptor.
Cellular respiration
For a gas, changing the pressure results in a change in volume such that the product of
the pressure and volume is unchanged: PinitialVinitial = PfinalVfinal. (Thus, if you increase
pressure, volume will _____.) This is known as _____.
decrease; Boyle’s Law
When the volume of the lungs is increased, the _____ inside the lungs will decrease until
‘pressure times volume’ returns to its original value. (This is an application of _____.)
pressure; Boyle’s Law
Gas molecules are very far apart, and gas pressure is simply due to the _____ and _____
of gas molecules hitting a surface at a given instant.
number; velocity
The gas pressure due to a single component of a mixture is the _____ of that component;
the total pressure in the system is the sum for all components. Example: in an equal
mixture of oxygen and nitrogen, pressure due to each is 1/2 of the total.
partial pressure
The fact that the total pressure in a system composed of several gases is the sum of the
pressures due to each individual gas is called _____.
Dalton’s Law
The greater the number of gas particles that are hitting the surface of a liquid, the greater
the _____. This is known as _____.
diffusion of the gas into the
liquid; Henry’s Law
Air (or any gas) will flow from a region of _____ to a region of _____.
high pressure; low pressure
Three factors influence the amount of gas which will dissolve in a liquid: _____, _____
and _____.
partial pressure; solubility;
temperature
The greater the difference in partial pressures for a gas across a permeable boundary, the
faster the _____ across it.
diffusion
The greater the surface area of a permeable boundary, the faster the _____ across it.
diffusion
A droplet of water has far fewer molecules of water in contact with _____ than either a
bubble of water or a flat sheet of water.
air
Water tends to form droplets instead of to flatten out. This is true because the attraction of
water molecules to _____ is stronger than their attraction to _____. (The strength of this
attraction is due to the ability of water to form _____.)
one another; air; hydrogen
bonds
The tendency of a liquid to form droplets which minimize the number of molecules at the
surface is called _____.
surface tension
The chemical produced by Type II pneumocytes is a surfactant, which is a(n) _____ .
chemical that decreases the
surface tension of a liquid
The lungs of premature babies or other individuals whose Type II pneumocytes are
unable to produce surfactant _____.
collapse
_____ is a measure of the stretchability or expandibility of the lungs.
Lung compliance
The muscles of inspiration are the _____ and _____.
diaphragm; external
intercostals
Contraction of the diaphragm causes it to move _____, resulting in a(n) ______ in the size
of the thoracic cavity and a(n) _____ in pressure within the lungs.
inferiorly; increase; decrease
Contraction of the _____ elevates the ribs and sternum, resulting in an increase in the
size of the thoracic cavity and a(n) _____ in pressure within the lungs.
external intercostals; decrease
Unless forced, expiration is caused by the _____ of the lung tissue and relaxation of the
_____ and _____.
elasticity; diaphragm;
intercostal muscles
_____ is the decrease in the size of an expanded lung due to the elastic fibers of the lung
and the surface tension of the liquid which moistens the alveoli.
Lung recoil
Lung recoil is increased by _____ which surround the alveoli.
elastic fibers
In a healthy individual, as pulmonary ventilation increases, so does _____; this is called
_____.
pulmonary blood flow;
ventilation-perfusion coupling
Lung recoil is increased by the alveolar surface tension due to _____.
water in the alveoli
When describing air pressure relationships in terms of the lungs, a simplification is used to
allow comparison of individuals living at two different altitudes: barometric air pressure
(PB
) is _____.
assigned a value of 0
Intrapulmonary pressure is the pressure in the _____, which rises or falls as inspiration or
expiration begins, but which eventually equalizes with atmospheric pressure.
alveoli
Intrapleural pressure is the pressure in the _____, which rises and falls during respiration,
but is always slightly less than intrapulmonary pressure.
pleural cavity
Pulmonary function tests evaluate respiratory function using a(n) _____ to measure
respiratory volumes and capacities.
spirometer
The _____ is the amount of air inhaled during a normal, relaxed breath. In an average
adult, it is about _____ ml.
tidal volume (TV); 500
The _____ is the amount of additional air that can be inhaled if, after inhaling, one
breathes in as deeply as possible. In an average adult this is ~ _____ times the tidal
volume.
inspiratory reserve volume
(IRV); 6
The _____ is the amount of air that can be forced out of the lungs after one has finished
exhaling, and in an average adult is ~ _____ ml.
expiratory reserve volume
(ERV); 1200
The alveoli never _____, and air there, plus air in the anatomical dead space, remains in
the lungs even after maximal, forcible exhalation. This is the _____, and in an average
adult is ~ _____ ml.
collapse; residual volume (RV);
1200
_____ is the amount of air in the conducting system that is not available for use even after
full forced inhalation, and is usually ~ _____ ml in an adult male.
Anatomical dead space; 150
The _____ is the maximum amount of air that can fill the lungs.
total lung capacity (TLC)
The _____ is the maximum amount of air that can be expelled after fully inhaling.
vital capacity (VC)
The _____ is the maximum amount of air that can be inhaled.
inspiratory capacity (IC)
The amount of air remaining in the lungs after a normal expiration is called the _____.
functional residual capacity
FRC
The total “_____’’ refers to the volume of air, in liters, that is inhaled in one minute. It is
found by multiplying _____ by the _____.
minute ventilation; tidal volume;
ventilation rate OR respiratory
rate
Since each breath exchanges not only the air in the lungs but also the air in the dead
space, the volume of air, in liters, that reaches the alveoli is found by subtracting _____
from _____. This is called _____.
(ventilation rate x dead space);
total minute ventilation; alveolar
ventilation
Air is _____% oxygen and _____ % carbon dioxide. The partial pressure of oxygen is thus
much _____ than that of carbon dioxide.
21; 0.04; higher
. (True or False) Carbon dioxide is much more soluble in blood plasma than oxygen is.
TRUE
Since the blood is circulating rapidly, and its exposure to the air in the lungs is brief, the
capillary walls and alveolar walls must be _____ in order to decrease the distance the
gases must diffuse.
thin
The total surface area for all of the lung’s alveoli is extremely large, which is essential for
_____.
efficient gas exchange
The partial pressure of oxygen in the alveoli is always _____ than in the blood.
higher
The partial pressure of oxygen in the tissues is always _____ than in the blood.
lower
Forced expiration relies on contraction of _____ and muscles of the _____ region.
internal intercostals; abdominal
