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A&P II > Blood Vessels II > Flashcards

Blood Vessels II Flashcards

1
Q

ADH has two effects on blood pressure. At low levels, it has a direct effect by increasing
_____. At higher levels, it has an indirect effect by causing ____

A 
blood volume (or water 
retention): vasoconstriction
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2
Q

ANP (_____) is released by the _____ in response to increased pressure

A

atrial natriuretic peptide; atria of

the heart

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3
Q

ANP decreases blood pressure by promoting _____; this also causes ____

A

sodium excretion; water

excretion

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4
Q

. Nitric oxide acts to _____

A

dilate blood vessels.

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5
Q

Inflammatory chemicals act as ____

A

vasodilators

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6
Q

. Alcohol inhibits _____, thereby indirectly decreasing _____.

A

ADH; blood volume

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7
Q

The pulse can be felt above the shoulders at the _____, _____ and _____.

A

common carotid artery; facial

artery; temporal artery

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8
Q

The pulse in the temporal artery can be felt _____

A

just above the zygomatic arch

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9
Q

The pulse due to the common carotid artery can be felt _____ muscle, at the vertical
midline of the _____

A

just anterior to the

sternocleidomastoid; neck

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10
Q

The pulse in the facial artery can sometimes be felt _____.

A

centrally on the lateral aspect

of the mandible

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11
Q

The pulse can sometimes be felt _____ due to the axillary artery

A

under the arm

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12
Q

In the arm, the pulse can sometimes be felt _____ due to the brachial arter

A

in the antecubital region

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13
Q

. In the arm, the pulse can be felt _____ due to the radial artery.

A

on the anterior of the wrist

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14
Q

. Below the waist, the pulse can sometimes be felt _____ due to the femoral artery.

A

in the groin

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15
Q
  1. Below the waist, the pulse sometimes can be felt _____ due to the popliteal artery.
A

at the back of the bent knee

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16
Q

. Below the waist, the pulse can sometimes be felt _____, due to the posterior tibial artery

A

in the ankle, posterior to the

medial malleolus

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17
Q

. Below the waist, the pulse can be felt at the _____ due to the dorsalis pedis artery

A

front of the ankle

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18
Q

In addition to their utility in determining heart rate, pulse points are also _____ which allow
blood flow to the region they serve to be stopped in the event of injury

A

pressure points

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19
Q

Blood pressure is measured by using a(n) ____

A

sphygmomanometer

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20
Q

____ means ‘listening to the bodily sounds

A

Auscultation

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21
Q

Sounds heard through the stethoscope after a period of silence during a blood pressure
determination are due to the _____. This is the _____ pressure

A

blood spurting into the

constricted artery; systolic

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22
Q

As the heartbeat forces blood past the blood pressure cuff and into the constricted
arteries, the sounds that are heard using a stethoscope are called the ____

A

sounds of Korotkoff

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23
Q

During a blood pressure determination, the point at which sounds of blood flow can no
longer be heard during the release of pressure from the cuff corresponds to the _____

A

diastolic pressure

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24
Q

_____ is a sudden drop in blood pressure due to a change in posture to an erect position.

A

Orthostatic hypotension

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25
Q

Nutritional deficits or diseases which cause a decrease in blood viscosity cause ____

A

chronic hypotension

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26
Q

Blood loss causes blood pressure to ____

A

drop or decrease

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27
Q

. Blood pressure is in the ‘hypertensive’ range when it is _____ or greater

A

140/90 mm Hg

28
Q

_____, the most common type, is a chronic elevation in blood pressure with no apparent
cause.

A 
Essential hypertension (or 
primary hypertension)
29
Q

_____ refers to the ability of many organs to change blood pressure within the organ itself
via modification of arterial diameter

A

Autoregulation

30
Q

Changes in blood flow to an organ induced by the need for additional oxygen or nutrients
(or to remove wastes) are known as _____

A

metabolic controls

31
Q

Changes in blood flow to an organ induced by stretching or constriction of the blood
vessels supplying the tissue are known as ____

A

myogenic controls

32
Q

When the blood supply to a tissue is restored after a period of ischemia, it is _____. This
effect is termed _____

A

higher than normal; reactive

hyperemia

33
Q

If the oxygen or nutrient requirements of a tissue are higher than the supply, the long-term
response of the body is _____ (that is, _____).

A

angiogenesis; creation of new

blood vessels

34
Q

_____ within the brain is so finely tuned that individual neurons, when active, receive
more blood than those that are inactive.

A

Autoregulation

35
Q

Of all the organs in the body, autoregulation of the blood supply to the _____ is most
stringent and controlled.

A

brain

36
Q

. A major function of the blood vessels within the skin is to allow control of _____

A

body temperature

37
Q

Unlike arteries in other areas of the body, arteries and arterioles in the pulmonary circuit
have _____ walls and _____ lumens

A

thin; large

38
Q

In order to maximize blood flow to regions of the lungs that have the most oxygen, blood
vessels in regions of the lung with low oxygen _____

A

vasoconstrict

39
Q

Nutrients and gases move across the capillary walls by ____

A

diffusion

40
Q

____ forces fluid out of blood vessels and into the surrounding tissue

A

Hydrostatic pressure (HP)

41
Q

_____ is the main force causing fluid to move into blood vessels from the surrounding
tissue, and opposing the tendency of fluid to leave the blood vessels

A

Osmotic pressure (OP)

42
Q

Osmotic pressure across capillary walls is due to _____ that are colloidally dispersed

A

large molecules

43
Q

The capillary colloidal osmotic pressure (abbreviated _____) is sometimes referred to as
_____.

A

OPc; oncotic pressure

44
Q

Because the hydrostatic pressure is due to blood pressure, it _____ as the distance from
the heart increases

A

decreases

45
Q

_____ pressure falls as the distance from the heart increases, but _____ pressure, which
is due only to the number of particles in solution, does not. Thus, fluid tends to leave the
blood at the end of the capillaries that is ____

A

Hydrostatic; osmotic; nearest

the heart

46
Q

The hydrostatic pressure and osmotic pressure of the interstitial fluid is _____

A

quite low

47
Q

Whether fluid will leave or enter the capillary is determined by the _____ pressure.

A

net filtration

48
Q

Express net filtration pressure as a function of the net hydrostatic and osmotic pressures
present in a given region of a capillary. (Be able to use this to predict whether fluid will
enter or leave the capillary.)

A

NFP = (HPc - HPif) - (OPc -
OPif); if greater than 0, fluid
leaves capillary

49
Q

Fluid that exits the bloodstream to enter the interstitial space is eventually returned to it by
the _____ system.

A

lymphatic

50
Q

_____ refers to a condition in which blood vessels are inadequately filled (pressure is too
low) and blood cannot circulate.

A

Shock

51
Q

_____ refers to the expression T = 2rP/t (that is, to the fact that tension against blood
vessel walls is proportional to vessel radius and blood pressure, and inversely proportional
to wall thickness

A

Laplace’s Law

52
Q

If blood pressure falls too low, it reaches the _____, at which point there is not enough
pressure to keep the vessels open and they collapse, stopping blood flow.

A

critical closing pressure

53
Q

Shock due to blood loss is _____ shock.

A

hypovolemic

54
Q

Shock caused by excessive dilation of the blood vessels is _____ shock.

A

vascular

55
Q

_____ shock is a subtype of vascular shock which is due to a severe allergic reaction in
which histamine is the agent causing the vasodilation.

A

Anaphylactic

56
Q

_____ shock is a subtype of vascular shock due to toxins released by bacteria during a
severe systemic infection

A

Septic

57
Q

_____ shock is a subtype of vascular shock due to failure of neural control

A

Neurogenic

58
Q

_____ shock is due to the inability of the heart to sustain output.

A

Cardiogenic

59
Q

For women, the risk of heart attack rises dramatically after ____

A

menopause

60
Q

The most common cardiovascular disease in the young is _____.

A

hypertension

61
Q

Fill in the missing terms in the following series: Left ventricle → ascending aorta → _____
→ myocardium

A

coronary arteries

62
Q

Fill in the missing terms in the following series: Left ventricle → _____ → _____ → _____
→ right subclavian artery → right upper limb

A

ascending aorta; aortic arch;

brachiocephalic trunk

63
Q

Fill in the missing terms in the following series: Left ventricle → _____ → _____ → left
subclavian artery → left upper limb

A

ascending aorta; aortic arch

64
Q

Fill in the missing terms in the following series: _____ → _____ → _____ → RIGHT side
of head, face, and neck

A

brachiocephalic trunk; right
common carotid; right external
carotid

65
Q

Fill in the missing terms in the following series: _____ → _____ → _____ → LEFT side of
head, face, and neck

A

aortic arch; left common

carotid; left external carotid

66
Q

Fill in the missing terms in the following series: aortic arch → left _____ → left _____ →
Circle of Willis (Cerebral Arterial Circle)

A

common carotid; internal

carotid

67
Q

Fill in the missing terms in the following series: aortic arch → _____ → right _____ → right
_____ → Circle of Willis (Cerebral Arterial Circle

A

brachiocephalic trunk; common

carotid; internal carotid

A&P II (11 decks)

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