Blood Vessels II Flashcards
ADH has two effects on blood pressure. At low levels, it has a direct effect by increasing
_____. At higher levels, it has an indirect effect by causing ____
blood volume (or water retention): vasoconstriction
ANP (_____) is released by the _____ in response to increased pressure
atrial natriuretic peptide; atria of
the heart
ANP decreases blood pressure by promoting _____; this also causes ____
sodium excretion; water
excretion
. Nitric oxide acts to _____
dilate blood vessels.
Inflammatory chemicals act as ____
vasodilators
. Alcohol inhibits _____, thereby indirectly decreasing _____.
ADH; blood volume
The pulse can be felt above the shoulders at the _____, _____ and _____.
common carotid artery; facial
artery; temporal artery
The pulse in the temporal artery can be felt _____
just above the zygomatic arch
The pulse due to the common carotid artery can be felt _____ muscle, at the vertical
midline of the _____
just anterior to the
sternocleidomastoid; neck
The pulse in the facial artery can sometimes be felt _____.
centrally on the lateral aspect
of the mandible
The pulse can sometimes be felt _____ due to the axillary artery
under the arm
In the arm, the pulse can sometimes be felt _____ due to the brachial arter
in the antecubital region
. In the arm, the pulse can be felt _____ due to the radial artery.
on the anterior of the wrist
. Below the waist, the pulse can sometimes be felt _____ due to the femoral artery.
in the groin
- Below the waist, the pulse sometimes can be felt _____ due to the popliteal artery.
at the back of the bent knee
. Below the waist, the pulse can sometimes be felt _____, due to the posterior tibial artery
in the ankle, posterior to the
medial malleolus
. Below the waist, the pulse can be felt at the _____ due to the dorsalis pedis artery
front of the ankle
In addition to their utility in determining heart rate, pulse points are also _____ which allow
blood flow to the region they serve to be stopped in the event of injury
pressure points
Blood pressure is measured by using a(n) ____
sphygmomanometer
____ means ‘listening to the bodily sounds
Auscultation
Sounds heard through the stethoscope after a period of silence during a blood pressure
determination are due to the _____. This is the _____ pressure
blood spurting into the
constricted artery; systolic
As the heartbeat forces blood past the blood pressure cuff and into the constricted
arteries, the sounds that are heard using a stethoscope are called the ____
sounds of Korotkoff
During a blood pressure determination, the point at which sounds of blood flow can no
longer be heard during the release of pressure from the cuff corresponds to the _____
diastolic pressure
_____ is a sudden drop in blood pressure due to a change in posture to an erect position.
Orthostatic hypotension
Nutritional deficits or diseases which cause a decrease in blood viscosity cause ____
chronic hypotension
Blood loss causes blood pressure to ____
drop or decrease
. Blood pressure is in the ‘hypertensive’ range when it is _____ or greater
140/90 mm Hg
_____, the most common type, is a chronic elevation in blood pressure with no apparent
cause.
Essential hypertension (or primary hypertension)
_____ refers to the ability of many organs to change blood pressure within the organ itself
via modification of arterial diameter
Autoregulation
Changes in blood flow to an organ induced by the need for additional oxygen or nutrients
(or to remove wastes) are known as _____
metabolic controls
Changes in blood flow to an organ induced by stretching or constriction of the blood
vessels supplying the tissue are known as ____
myogenic controls
When the blood supply to a tissue is restored after a period of ischemia, it is _____. This
effect is termed _____
higher than normal; reactive
hyperemia
If the oxygen or nutrient requirements of a tissue are higher than the supply, the long-term
response of the body is _____ (that is, _____).
angiogenesis; creation of new
blood vessels
_____ within the brain is so finely tuned that individual neurons, when active, receive
more blood than those that are inactive.
Autoregulation
Of all the organs in the body, autoregulation of the blood supply to the _____ is most
stringent and controlled.
brain
. A major function of the blood vessels within the skin is to allow control of _____
body temperature
Unlike arteries in other areas of the body, arteries and arterioles in the pulmonary circuit
have _____ walls and _____ lumens
thin; large
In order to maximize blood flow to regions of the lungs that have the most oxygen, blood
vessels in regions of the lung with low oxygen _____
vasoconstrict
Nutrients and gases move across the capillary walls by ____
diffusion
____ forces fluid out of blood vessels and into the surrounding tissue
Hydrostatic pressure (HP)
_____ is the main force causing fluid to move into blood vessels from the surrounding
tissue, and opposing the tendency of fluid to leave the blood vessels
Osmotic pressure (OP)
Osmotic pressure across capillary walls is due to _____ that are colloidally dispersed
large molecules
The capillary colloidal osmotic pressure (abbreviated _____) is sometimes referred to as
_____.
OPc; oncotic pressure
Because the hydrostatic pressure is due to blood pressure, it _____ as the distance from
the heart increases
decreases
_____ pressure falls as the distance from the heart increases, but _____ pressure, which
is due only to the number of particles in solution, does not. Thus, fluid tends to leave the
blood at the end of the capillaries that is ____
Hydrostatic; osmotic; nearest
the heart
The hydrostatic pressure and osmotic pressure of the interstitial fluid is _____
quite low
Whether fluid will leave or enter the capillary is determined by the _____ pressure.
net filtration
Express net filtration pressure as a function of the net hydrostatic and osmotic pressures
present in a given region of a capillary. (Be able to use this to predict whether fluid will
enter or leave the capillary.)
NFP = (HPc - HPif) - (OPc -
OPif); if greater than 0, fluid
leaves capillary
Fluid that exits the bloodstream to enter the interstitial space is eventually returned to it by
the _____ system.
lymphatic
_____ refers to a condition in which blood vessels are inadequately filled (pressure is too
low) and blood cannot circulate.
Shock
_____ refers to the expression T = 2rP/t (that is, to the fact that tension against blood
vessel walls is proportional to vessel radius and blood pressure, and inversely proportional
to wall thickness
Laplace’s Law
If blood pressure falls too low, it reaches the _____, at which point there is not enough
pressure to keep the vessels open and they collapse, stopping blood flow.
critical closing pressure
Shock due to blood loss is _____ shock.
hypovolemic
Shock caused by excessive dilation of the blood vessels is _____ shock.
vascular
_____ shock is a subtype of vascular shock which is due to a severe allergic reaction in
which histamine is the agent causing the vasodilation.
Anaphylactic
_____ shock is a subtype of vascular shock due to toxins released by bacteria during a
severe systemic infection
Septic
_____ shock is a subtype of vascular shock due to failure of neural control
Neurogenic
_____ shock is due to the inability of the heart to sustain output.
Cardiogenic
For women, the risk of heart attack rises dramatically after ____
menopause
The most common cardiovascular disease in the young is _____.
hypertension
Fill in the missing terms in the following series: Left ventricle → ascending aorta → _____
→ myocardium
coronary arteries
Fill in the missing terms in the following series: Left ventricle → _____ → _____ → _____
→ right subclavian artery → right upper limb
ascending aorta; aortic arch;
brachiocephalic trunk
Fill in the missing terms in the following series: Left ventricle → _____ → _____ → left
subclavian artery → left upper limb
ascending aorta; aortic arch
Fill in the missing terms in the following series: _____ → _____ → _____ → RIGHT side
of head, face, and neck
brachiocephalic trunk; right
common carotid; right external
carotid
Fill in the missing terms in the following series: _____ → _____ → _____ → LEFT side of
head, face, and neck
aortic arch; left common
carotid; left external carotid
Fill in the missing terms in the following series: aortic arch → left _____ → left _____ →
Circle of Willis (Cerebral Arterial Circle)
common carotid; internal
carotid
Fill in the missing terms in the following series: aortic arch → _____ → right _____ → right
_____ → Circle of Willis (Cerebral Arterial Circle
brachiocephalic trunk; common
carotid; internal carotid
