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A&P II > The Respiratory System I > Flashcards

The Respiratory System I Flashcards

1
Q

The nose is divided into the _____, which is formed by hyaline cartilage and bones of the
skull, and the _____, which is entirely within the skull.

A

external nose; nasal cavity

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2
Q

The nasal cavity is lined by two types of epithelium: _____ and _____.

A

olfactory mucosa; respiratory

mucosa

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3
Q

The _____ divides the nasal cavity into right and left sides.

A

septum

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4
Q

The nostrils are also known as the _____ (singular, _____).

A

nares; naris

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5
Q

Air entering the nose encounters the _____, which create turbulence and increase the
chances that airborne contaminants will contact the nasal mucosa rather than passing into
the lungs.

A

nasal conchae

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6
Q

The nasal cavity is surrounded by _____ within the frontal, maxillary, sphenoid, and
ethmoid bones that serve to lighten the skull, warm and moisten air, and produce mucus.

A

paranasal sinuses

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7
Q

Hair, mucus, and cilia which line the nasal cavity prevent _____.

A

dust and debris from entering

the lungs

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8
Q

The _____ is the region of the pharynx which serves only as an air passageway.

A

nasopharynx

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9
Q

After leaving the internal nasal cavity, air enters the _____, which can be divided into
three regions, the _____, _____ and _____.

A

pharynx; nasopharynx;

oropharynx; laryngopharynx

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10
Q

The _____ contains the lymphatic pharyngeal tonsil (adenoid), which traps and destroys
airborne pathogens, and the pharyngeal opening of the auditory tube.

A

nasopharynx

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11
Q

The _____ is an air, food drink passageway that extends inferiorly from the level of the
soft palate to the epiglottis.

A

oropharynx

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12
Q

The _____ is an air, food and drink passageway that lies directly behind the epiglottis,
extends to the larynx, and is continuous inferiorly with the esophagus.

A

laryngopharynx

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13
Q

Food and air are sorted into the stomach or lungs, respectively, in the _____ region of the
pharnyx.

A

laryngopharynx

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14
Q

. The casual phrase ‘voice box’ refers to the _____.

A

larynx

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15
Q

The superior boundary of the larynx is the _____ bone, above which is the
laryngopharynx. Inferior to the larynx is the _____.

A

hyoid bone; trachea

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16
Q

At the top of the larynx, the _____ acts as a flexible flap that prevents food from entering
the larynx.

A

epiglottis

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17
Q

The uppermost region of the larynx consists of the vocal cords and the space between
them, and is called the _____.

A

glottis

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18
Q

The structure on the neck commonly called the Adam’s apple is the _____.

A

thyroid cartilage

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19
Q

Folded mucous membranes cross from the thyroid cartilage in the front to the _____
cartilages in the back.

A

arytenoid

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20
Q

The upper pair of mucous membranes which connect the thyroid cartilage to the arytenoid
cartilages are the _____ (also called _____).

A

false vocal cords; vestibular

folds

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21
Q

The lower pair of mucous membranes which connect the thyroid cartilage to the arytenoid
cartilages are the _____.

A

true vocal cords

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22
Q

_____ form the core of the true vocal cords, and vibrate as air passes over them to
produce sound.

A

Vocal ligaments

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23
Q

When someone increases intra-abdominal pressure during periods of effort, they close
the _____. (This is called _____.)

A

glottis; Valsalva’s maneuver

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24
Q

The cricoid cartilage and pairs of corniculate and cuneiform cartilages are supporting
structures of the _____.

A

larynx

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25
Q

The trachea, or windpipe, descends from the larynx into the _____, where it ends by
dividing to give rise to the _____.

A

mediastinum; primary bronchi

26
Q

The posterior wall of the trachea adjoins the anterior wall of the _____.

A

esophagus

27
Q

The trachea is lined with mucus-producing goblet cells and pseudo-stratified ciliated
epithelial cells, which together function to _____.

A

sweep debris away from the

lungs

28
Q

The sub-mucosa in the trachea is _____ tissue.

A

areolar connective

29
Q

16-20 rings made of hyaline cartilage prevent the trachea from _____.

A

collapsing during inspiration

30
Q

. The cartilaginous layer of the trachea is covered by _____ and is called the _____.

A

areolar connective tissue;

adventitia

31
Q

The trachea ends inferiorly by dividing to give rise to the _____ (singular: _____).

A

primary bronchi; primary

bronchus

32
Q

The primary bronchi divide to form the _____, and these in turn divide to form the _____.

A

secondary bronchi; tertiary

bronchi

33
Q

The secondary bronchi are sometimes called the _____ bronchi because there is one for
each _____ of the lungs.

A

lobar; lobe

34
Q

The tertiary bronchi are sometimes called the _____ bronchi because there is one for
each _____ of the lungs.

A

segmental; segment

35
Q

Bronchi continue to branch until they form _____, tubes which are less than 1mm in
diameter.

A

bronchioles

36
Q

The supporting cartilage that is required in the trachea and bronchi gradually changes in
character as the tubes become smaller, and by the time _____ are reached, the cartilage
is absent.

A

bronchioles

37
Q

The walls of the bronchioles are made of _____.

A

smooth muscle

38
Q

The portions of the respiratory system which deliver air to the regions of the lungs in which
gas exchange can occur are the _____ regions.

A

conducting

39
Q

_____ are the last bronchioles through which air passes before reaching the respiratory
regions of the lungs.

A

Terminal bronchioles

40
Q

Regions of the lungs which are capable of exchanging gases between blood and air are
the _____ regions.

A

respiratory

41
Q

Bubble-like structures called _____ (singular: _____) are the structures in which gas
exchange occurs.

A

alveoli; alveolus

42
Q

Only air in the _____ participates in gas exchange: air in other parts of the lungs cannot.

A

alveoli

43
Q

Respiratory bronchioles themselves have several _____ on their surface, but they are still
large enough to divide once again to form _____.

A

alveoli; alveolar ducts

44
Q

Although not generally referred to in this way, a(n) _____ may be thought of as the
smallest respiratory bronchioles: it does not subdivide, and has many alveoli on its
surfaces.

A

alveolar duct

45
Q

_____, which are found at the end of each alveolar duct, are chambers connected to
several alveoli.

A

Alveolar sacs

46
Q

Pores connect adjacent alveoli to allow air pressure to be _____, and to provide alternate
routes for airflow in case one or more alveoli _____.

A

equalized; collapse

47
Q

Gas exchange occurs across the respiratory membrane, which consists of _____ and
_____.

A

alveoli; capillary walls

48
Q

The walls of alveoli contain two cell types: _____ and _____.

A

Type I pneumocytes; Type II

pneumocytes

49
Q

Type I pneumocytes are _____ cells.

A

simple squamous epithelial

50
Q

The shape of Type I pneumocytes allows _____.

A

gas to diffuse easily across

them

51
Q

Type II pneumocytes are cuboidal cells which produce a chemical that is needed to _____.

A

prevent the alveoli from

collapsing

52
Q

The _____ lung is divided into two lobes.

A

left

52
Q

The _____ lung is divided into three lobes.

A

right

52
Q

The lobes of the lungs are further divided to form _____ segments; to each of these, air is
delivered by a single _____.

A

bronchopulmonary; tertiary
bronchus OR segmental
bronchus

52
Q

The _____ surface is the surface at which a lung meets the ribs.

A

costal

52
Q

Each bronchopulmonary segment is served by its own _____, _____ and _____.

A

artery; vein; tertiary bronchus

52
Q

Serous membranes which surround the lungs are called the _____.

A

pleura

52
Q

In order to prevent airborne bacteria which reach the alveoli from becoming a problem,
_____ patrol the alveolar surfaces.

A

macrophages

52
Q

Bronchopulmonary segments are subdivided to form _____; to each of these, air is
delivered by a(n) _____.

A

lobules; terminal bronchiole

52
Q

The top of the lung is the _____; the bottom, the _____.

A

apex; base

A&P II (11 decks)

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