The Respiratory System I Flashcards
The nose is divided into the _____, which is formed by hyaline cartilage and bones of the
skull, and the _____, which is entirely within the skull.
external nose; nasal cavity
The nasal cavity is lined by two types of epithelium: _____ and _____.
olfactory mucosa; respiratory
mucosa
The _____ divides the nasal cavity into right and left sides.
septum
The nostrils are also known as the _____ (singular, _____).
nares; naris
Air entering the nose encounters the _____, which create turbulence and increase the
chances that airborne contaminants will contact the nasal mucosa rather than passing into
the lungs.
nasal conchae
The nasal cavity is surrounded by _____ within the frontal, maxillary, sphenoid, and
ethmoid bones that serve to lighten the skull, warm and moisten air, and produce mucus.
paranasal sinuses
Hair, mucus, and cilia which line the nasal cavity prevent _____.
dust and debris from entering
the lungs
The _____ is the region of the pharynx which serves only as an air passageway.
nasopharynx
After leaving the internal nasal cavity, air enters the _____, which can be divided into
three regions, the _____, _____ and _____.
pharynx; nasopharynx;
oropharynx; laryngopharynx
The _____ contains the lymphatic pharyngeal tonsil (adenoid), which traps and destroys
airborne pathogens, and the pharyngeal opening of the auditory tube.
nasopharynx
The _____ is an air, food drink passageway that extends inferiorly from the level of the
soft palate to the epiglottis.
oropharynx
The _____ is an air, food and drink passageway that lies directly behind the epiglottis,
extends to the larynx, and is continuous inferiorly with the esophagus.
laryngopharynx
Food and air are sorted into the stomach or lungs, respectively, in the _____ region of the
pharnyx.
laryngopharynx
. The casual phrase ‘voice box’ refers to the _____.
larynx
The superior boundary of the larynx is the _____ bone, above which is the
laryngopharynx. Inferior to the larynx is the _____.
hyoid bone; trachea
At the top of the larynx, the _____ acts as a flexible flap that prevents food from entering
the larynx.
epiglottis
The uppermost region of the larynx consists of the vocal cords and the space between
them, and is called the _____.
glottis
The structure on the neck commonly called the Adam’s apple is the _____.
thyroid cartilage
Folded mucous membranes cross from the thyroid cartilage in the front to the _____
cartilages in the back.
arytenoid
The upper pair of mucous membranes which connect the thyroid cartilage to the arytenoid
cartilages are the _____ (also called _____).
false vocal cords; vestibular
folds
The lower pair of mucous membranes which connect the thyroid cartilage to the arytenoid
cartilages are the _____.
true vocal cords
_____ form the core of the true vocal cords, and vibrate as air passes over them to
produce sound.
Vocal ligaments
When someone increases intra-abdominal pressure during periods of effort, they close
the _____. (This is called _____.)
glottis; Valsalva’s maneuver
The cricoid cartilage and pairs of corniculate and cuneiform cartilages are supporting
structures of the _____.
larynx
The trachea, or windpipe, descends from the larynx into the _____, where it ends by
dividing to give rise to the _____.
mediastinum; primary bronchi
The posterior wall of the trachea adjoins the anterior wall of the _____.
esophagus
The trachea is lined with mucus-producing goblet cells and pseudo-stratified ciliated
epithelial cells, which together function to _____.
sweep debris away from the
lungs
The sub-mucosa in the trachea is _____ tissue.
areolar connective
16-20 rings made of hyaline cartilage prevent the trachea from _____.
collapsing during inspiration
. The cartilaginous layer of the trachea is covered by _____ and is called the _____.
areolar connective tissue;
adventitia
The trachea ends inferiorly by dividing to give rise to the _____ (singular: _____).
primary bronchi; primary
bronchus
The primary bronchi divide to form the _____, and these in turn divide to form the _____.
secondary bronchi; tertiary
bronchi
The secondary bronchi are sometimes called the _____ bronchi because there is one for
each _____ of the lungs.
lobar; lobe
The tertiary bronchi are sometimes called the _____ bronchi because there is one for
each _____ of the lungs.
segmental; segment
Bronchi continue to branch until they form _____, tubes which are less than 1mm in
diameter.
bronchioles
The supporting cartilage that is required in the trachea and bronchi gradually changes in
character as the tubes become smaller, and by the time _____ are reached, the cartilage
is absent.
bronchioles
The walls of the bronchioles are made of _____.
smooth muscle
The portions of the respiratory system which deliver air to the regions of the lungs in which
gas exchange can occur are the _____ regions.
conducting
_____ are the last bronchioles through which air passes before reaching the respiratory
regions of the lungs.
Terminal bronchioles
Regions of the lungs which are capable of exchanging gases between blood and air are
the _____ regions.
respiratory
Bubble-like structures called _____ (singular: _____) are the structures in which gas
exchange occurs.
alveoli; alveolus
Only air in the _____ participates in gas exchange: air in other parts of the lungs cannot.
alveoli
Respiratory bronchioles themselves have several _____ on their surface, but they are still
large enough to divide once again to form _____.
alveoli; alveolar ducts
Although not generally referred to in this way, a(n) _____ may be thought of as the
smallest respiratory bronchioles: it does not subdivide, and has many alveoli on its
surfaces.
alveolar duct
_____, which are found at the end of each alveolar duct, are chambers connected to
several alveoli.
Alveolar sacs
Pores connect adjacent alveoli to allow air pressure to be _____, and to provide alternate
routes for airflow in case one or more alveoli _____.
equalized; collapse
Gas exchange occurs across the respiratory membrane, which consists of _____ and
_____.
alveoli; capillary walls
The walls of alveoli contain two cell types: _____ and _____.
Type I pneumocytes; Type II
pneumocytes
Type I pneumocytes are _____ cells.
simple squamous epithelial
The shape of Type I pneumocytes allows _____.
gas to diffuse easily across
them
Type II pneumocytes are cuboidal cells which produce a chemical that is needed to _____.
prevent the alveoli from
collapsing
The _____ lung is divided into two lobes.
left
The _____ lung is divided into three lobes.
right
The lobes of the lungs are further divided to form _____ segments; to each of these, air is
delivered by a single _____.
bronchopulmonary; tertiary
bronchus OR segmental
bronchus
The _____ surface is the surface at which a lung meets the ribs.
costal
Each bronchopulmonary segment is served by its own _____, _____ and _____.
artery; vein; tertiary bronchus
Serous membranes which surround the lungs are called the _____.
pleura
In order to prevent airborne bacteria which reach the alveoli from becoming a problem,
_____ patrol the alveolar surfaces.
macrophages
Bronchopulmonary segments are subdivided to form _____; to each of these, air is
delivered by a(n) _____.
lobules; terminal bronchiole
The top of the lung is the _____; the bottom, the _____.
apex; base
