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A&P II > Blood Vessels I > Flashcards

Blood Vessels I Flashcards

1
Q

carry blood away from the heart.

A

Arteries

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2
Q

carry blood toward the heart

A

Veins

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3
Q

are the smallest blood vessels, through the walls of which gases and nutrients are
exchanged with tissues

A

Capillaries

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4
Q

are the walls of blood vessels, while _____ is the central space through which
blood flows.

A

Tunics; the lumen

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5
Q

The innermost wall of the blood vessels is called the _____ or _____.

A

tunica interna; tunica intima

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6
Q

The tunica intima consists of _____, which is surrounded, in larger
vessels, by a thin layer of connective tissue

A

simple squamous epithelium

OR endothelium

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7
Q

is the middle tunic of blood vessels, and primarily consists of a mixture of _____
and _____

A

Tunica media; smooth muscle;

elastin

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8
Q

The _____ (also called _____) refers to the outermost layer of the blood vessel wall.

A

tunica externa; tunica adventitia

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9
Q

Larger blood vessels are anchored to the surrounding tissue by their outermost layer,
which is composed mostly of _____

A

loosely woven collagen fibers

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10
Q

In larger vessels, the outermost layer is too far from the blood it carries to exchange gases
or chemicals, and so they have their own blood supply: the _____

A

vasa vasorum

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11
Q

Nerve fibers, lymphatic vessels, and in large veins, elastin fibers are found in the _____ of
the blood vessels.

A

tunica externa OR tunica

adventitia

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12
Q

Arteries are classified into three types: _____, _____ and _____

A

elastic artery; muscular artery;

arteriole

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13
Q

. Veins are classified into two types: _____ and _____.

A

venule; vein

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14
Q

connect arterioles to venules.

A

Capillaries

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15
Q

arteries are the thick-walled arteries nearest the heart, and function as shockabsorbers to minimize the difference between _____ and _____ blood pressure.

A

Elastic; systolic; diastolic

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16
Q

Elastic arteries are sometimes referred to as _____

A

conducting arteries

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17
Q

Muscular arteries have more _____ and less _____ than elastic arteries

A

smooth muscle; elastic tissue

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18
Q

The purpose of muscular arteries is to _____.

A

distribute blood

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19
Q

Another name for muscular arteries is ____

A

distributing arteries

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20
Q

_____, also called _____, are the smallest arteries.

A

Arterioles; resistance vessels

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21
Q

_____ refers to the narrowing of the lumen of blood vessels due to contraction of smooth
muscles in the blood vessel walls, while _____ refers to the widening of the lumen due to
their relaxation.

A

Vasoconstriction; vasodilation

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22
Q

Capillaries are so small that in some cases a(n) _____ spans the entire circumference of
the capillary wall, and RBCs must _____ to travel through.

A

single cell; deform slightly

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23
Q

In general, nutrient and waste exchange and gas exchange occurs by _____, but there
are exceptions

A

diffusion across capillary walls

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24
Q

(True or False) Cartilage and epithelia receive their nutrients from an extensive capillary
bed

A

FALSE: cartilage and epithelia

have no capillaries

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25
Q

The avascular cornea and lens of the eye receive nutrients and exchange gases with the
_____.

A

aqueous humor

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26
Q

. _____ capillaries are abundant in the skin and muscle.

A

Continuous

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27
Q

. _____ capillaries are the most common

A

Continuous

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28
Q

Endothelial cells in _____ capillaries are joined together by tight junctions, and are
separated only by rare gaps called _____ which allow fluid and very small solutes to pass.

A

continuous; intercellular clefts

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29
Q

Continuous capillaries in the brain are unique in that they lack _____. As a result, even
fluids and very small solutes _____

A

intercellular clefts; cannot cross

the capillary wall

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30
Q

Capillaries which contain oval pores called _____ through which fluids and solutes pass
with ease are called _____

A

fenestrations; fenestrated

capillaries

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31
Q

_____ capillaries are found in the small intestine and are needed to absorb ____

A

Fenestrated; nutrients from

digested foods

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32
Q

_____ capillaries are present in the kidneys to allow filtration of blood plasma

A

Fenestrated

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33
Q

_____ are extremely leaky capillaries through which even blood cells may sometimes
pass. (They are often simply referred to as _____.)

A

Sinusoidal capillaries; sinusoids

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34
Q

In the liver, some capillaries have walls which are partially formed by large macrophages
called _____. These capillaries are a type of _____.

A

Kupffer cells; sinusoid

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35
Q

The blood vessel that is structurally intermediate to an arteriole and a capillary is called
a(n) ____

A

metarteriole

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35
Q

The blood vessel that is structurally intermediate to an arteriole and a capillary is called
a(n) ____

A

metarteriole

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36
Q

From the point at which a capillary branches off from a metarteriole until it reaches the
venule, the blood vessel conducting blood from the arteriole to the venule even when the
capillary bed is not in use is called a(n) _____

A

thoroughfare channel

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36
Q

From the point at which a capillary branches off from a metarteriole until it reaches the
venule, the blood vessel conducting blood from the arteriole to the venule even when the
capillary bed is not in use is called a(n) _____

A

thoroughfare channel

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37
Q

Whether or not blood can leave a thoroughfare channel and enter the capillaries which
make up the _____ depends on whether or not the _____ are open

A

capillary bed; precapillary

sphincters

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37
Q

Whether or not blood can leave a thoroughfare channel and enter the capillaries which
make up the _____ depends on whether or not the _____ are open

A

capillary bed; precapillary

sphincters

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38
Q

Precapillary sphincters are made of _____.

A

smooth muscle

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38
Q

Precapillary sphincters are made of _____.

A

smooth muscle

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39
Q

Veins, especially those of the limbs, include _____ to prevent blood from flowing
backwards.

A

valves

40
Q

Much of the structural integrity of veins is maintained by _____, which is why the valves of
surface veins are more often damaged than those of deep veins.

A

surrounding tissue

41
Q

_____ are low pressure channels which are not, structurally, typical veins, into which
venous blood drains prior to entering true veins.

A

Venous sinuses

42
Q

_____ are interconnections between blood vessels which allow blood to have multiple
paths of flow

A

Anastomoses

43
Q

_____ anastomoses are more common than _____ ones.

A

Venous; arterial

44
Q

_____ is the volume of blood flowing through a region in any given minute

A

Blood flow (F)

45
Q

Combining the effects of viscosity, radius, pressure, vessel length, and resistance on
blood flow gives a relationship known as _____.

A

Poiseuille’s Law

46
Q

_____ is measured by determining the amount of pressure that must be applied in order
to prevent blood flow

A

Blood pressure (P)

47
Q

Blood leaving the heart causes the nearby arteries to _____. As the heart enters diastole,
the nearby arteries _____ due to their _____.

A

stretch; recoil; elasticity

48
Q

The reason blood keeps flowing even during ventricular diastole is that _____.

A

the distended arteries recoil,

forcing blood forward

49
Q

The three sources of resistance are _____, _____ and _____.

A

blood viscosity; vessel length;

vessel diamete

50
Q

The thicker a liquid is, the more _____ it is: for example, honey is more _____ than water.
When moving through a tube, thick liquids generate more _____

A

viscous; viscous; friction or

resistance

51
Q

Since the resistance to blood flow is a function of _____, gaining weight increases
resistance

A

the distance that the blood

must travel

52
Q

Changes in blood pressure due to environmental shifts are controlled by altering the
_____.

A

blood vessel diameter

53
Q 
The relationship between vessel diameter and resistance to blood flow varies as a 
function of \_\_\_\_\_.
A

1/ r4 where r is the radius

54
Q

Blood flow, pressure, and resistance are related by the formula: _____.

A

F = (change in pressure)/R

55
Q

The change in pressure between two points in the circulatory system is determined simply
by _____

A

subtracting the lower pressure

from the higher one

56
Q

The relationship between cardiac output, blood flow through the entire body, pressure,
and resistance is given by the formula: _____.

A

CO = F = (change in pressure)/

R

57
Q

The blood pressure during the contraction of the ventricles is the _____ pressure, and is
normally _____ in a healthy adult

A

systolic; 120 mm Hg

58
Q

The blood pressure during the relaxation of the ventricles is the _____ pressure, and is
normally _____ in a healthy adult

A

diastolic; 70 - 80 mm Hg

59
Q

The _____ pressure is the difference between systolic and diastolic pressures

A

pulse

60
Q

_____ is chronically increased by arteriosclerosis because the arteries do not distend
during ventricular systole, and thus store no energy to propel the blood during _____.

A

Pulse pressure; ventricular

diastole

61
Q

The _____ is the average pressure that propels the blood through the tissue

A

mean arterial pressure; MAP

62
Q

The relationship between systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial pressures is _____.

A

MAP = diastolic pressure +

pulse pressure/3

63
Q

Blood pressure in capillaries is _____, because although each capillary is small, the cross
sectional area through all capillaries as a group is _____

A

low; large

64
Q

Two factors besides the blood pressure generated by the heart promote return of the
blood to the heart: _____ and _____. Both of these _____, pushing blood through the
one-way valves and moving it toward the heart.

A

respiration; muscular

contraction; squeeze the veins

65
Q

The effects of respiration and muscular contraction on the heart are referred to as the
_____ and _____, respectively.

A

respiratory pump; muscular

pump

66
Q

If the blood volume were 0, the blood pressure would be _____. As blood volume
increases, _____

A

zero; so does blood pressure

67
Q

Short-term, rapid compensation is mediated ___

A

neurally

68
Q

Neural controls of peripheral blood flow have two major effects: by altering _____, they
control (1) the ultimate _____ of the blood, and (2) the _____ at which it is delivered

A

vessel diameter; destination;

rate and pressure

69
Q

The central control of blood pressure and flow is the _____ in the ___

A

cardiovascular center; medulla

oblongata

70
Q

The cardiovascular center has three centers: the _____, which controls blood vessel
diameter, the _____, which accelerates the heart and increases contractility, and the
_____, which decelerates the heart.

A

vasomotor center;
cardioacceleratory center;
cardioinhibitory center

71
Q

Stimulation by the vasomotor center causes vasoconstriction of both _____ and ____

A

arteries; veins

72
Q

. Arterioles are almost always somewhat constricted. This condition is called _____

A

vasomotor tone

73
Q

Control of artery and arteriole diameter is transmitted from the vasomotor center to the
arteries and arterioles by _____ fibers which exit the CNS in the _____ and _____
regions.

A

vasomotor; thoracic; upper

lumbar

74
Q

The vasomotor system is part of the _____ nervous system, and thus its neurotransmitter
is primarily _____ and the response is _____.

A

sympathetic; norepinephrine;

vasoconstriction

75
Q

The cardiovascular center receives input from three sources: _____, which sense blood
pressure; _____, which sense oxygen, carbon dioxide, and pH; and _____, which conveys
information regarding stress, temperature, and other indirect factors

A

baroreceptors;
chemoreceptors; higher brain
regions

76
Q

One group of _____, which sense blood pressure, are located in the _____, which are
slightly wider regions of the internal carotid arteries.

A

baroreceptors; carotid sinuses

77
Q

The cluster of baroreceptors near the heart is located in the __

A

aortic arch

78
Q

Signals from the baroreceptors indicating that blood pressure is high result in three
events: the _____ and _____ centers become less active, and the _____ center becomes
more active.

A

vasomotor; cardioacceleratory;

cardioinhibitory

79
Q

Signals from the baroreceptors indicating that blood pressure is low result in three events:
the _____ and _____ centers become more active, and the _____ center becomes less
active

A

vasomotor; cardioacceleratory;

cardioinhibitory

80
Q

The baroreceptors in the carotid sinus participate in the _____ reflex, and function to
protect the ____

A

carotid sinus; blood supply to

the brain

81
Q

The baroreceptors in the aortic arch participate in the _____ reflex, and function to
maintain _____

A

aortic arch; blood pressure in

the systemic circuit

82
Q

When blood pH decreases, carbon dioxide exhalation must be _____ to help return the
pH to its normal value. This requires that heart rate, blood pressure and breathing rate
_____.

A

increased; increase

83
Q

When blood pH increases, carbon dioxide exhalation must be _____ to help return the pH
to its normal value. This requires that heart rate, blood pressure and breathing rate ____

A

decreased; decrease

84
Q

Changes in blood pH are sensed by _____ in the _____, _____, and ___

A

chemoreceptors; medulla
oblongata; carotid arteries;
aorta

85
Q

When blood carbon dioxide increases beyond acceptable levels, carbon dioxide
exhalation must be _____. This requires that heart rate, blood pressure and breathing rate
_____.

A

increased; increase

86
Q

Changes in blood carbon dioxide levels are sensed by _____ in the _____, _____, and
_____.

A

chemoreceptors; medulla
oblongata; carotid arteries;
aorta

87
Q

When blood oxygen falls to dangerous levels, oxygen inhalation must be _____. This
requires that heart rate, blood pressure and breathing rate ____

A

increased; increase

88
Q

Changes in blood oxygen levels are sensed by _____ in the _____ and ___

A

chemoreceptors; carotid arteries;

aorta

89
Q

Blood pressure and heart rate are modified due to information from chemoreceptors in
response to _____ changes in blood chemistry, and so are generally unused except in
emergencies

A

dramatic

90
Q

_____ is released by the medulla of the adrenal glands in response to exercise or stress.
This hormone mimics the effects of _____, and _____ blood pressure and heart rate.

A

Epinephrine (or adrenaline);

norepinephrine; increases

91
Q

Arterioles and veins have two types of _____ receptors which bind epinephrine. This
allows one chemical to have two effects depending on its concentration and location.

A

adrenergic

92
Q

Long-lasting, slow compensation to adjust blood pressure is primarily controlled by the
_____.

A

kidneys

93
Q

The direct renal mechanism alters _____.

A

blood volume

94
Q

The indirect renal mechanism, also known as the _____ mechanism, triggers a series of
reactions that produce the potent vasoconstrictor _____.

A

renin-angiotensin-aldosterone;

angiotensin II

95
Q

When blood pressure in the kidneys is insufficient, they release _____. This in turn leads
to the production of _____, and this in turn stimulates _____ and also production of
_____.

A

renin; angiotensin II;

vasoconstriction; aldosterone

96
Q

Aldosterone, released by the cortex of the _____, _____ blood pressure by causing
_____ and thus _____

A

adrenal glands; increases; salt

retention; water retention

97
Q

ADH (_____; it is also known as _____) is released by the _____ in response to
decreased blood pressure and increased blood osmolality.

A

antidiuretic hormone;

vasopressin; pituitary

98
Q

_____ are low pressure channels which are not, structurally, typical veins, into which
venous blood drains prior to entering true veins.

A

Venous sinuses

99
Q

. Varicose veins are veins which distend due to damage to their ____

A

valves

99
Q

_____ are interconnections between blood vessels which allow blood to have multiple
paths of flow

A

Anastomoses

99
Q

The smallest venules are the _____ venules

A

post-capillary

99
Q

Veins, especially those of the limbs, include _____ to prevent blood from flowing
backwards.

A

valves

99
Q

Much of the structural integrity of veins is maintained by _____, which is why the valves of
surface veins are more often damaged than those of deep veins.

A

surrounding tissue

A&P II (11 decks)

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