The Respiratory System Flashcards
the common passageway for food, liquids, and air
the pharynx
Respiration comprises what what three processes?
ventilation, gas exchange, and gas transport
the process by which nutrients are metabolized within the cell to provide energy
respiration
what is the nasal cavity divided in two by?
the septum
hairs and ciliated epithelium in the nostrils and nasal cavity do what?
Filter out debris and warm and humidify air
What part of the nose increases surface area for warming and moistening of air?
Nasal conchae
what 3 portions is the pharynx divided into?
nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx
the nasopharyncx links the nasal cavity to the…
oropharynx
the laryngopharyns entrance to both…
esophagus and trachea
What sits on top of the trachea?
larync
the glottis is protected by the
epiglottis
what does the epiglottis do?
moves to block solids and liquids from entering trachea
what makes up the bronchial tree?
branching airways (tranchea, primary bronchi, secondary bronchi, etc)
What is the trachea lined with?
simple ciliated columnar epithelium and mucus secreting cells
the mucus sheet in the trachea traps
particulate matter
the cilia in the trachea do what?
sweep debris and mucus up to the throat where it gets swallowed
trachea function can be compared to a
dust trap
what kind of muscle is in the bronchi?
smooth muscle
the smooth muscle in the walls in the bronchioles control what?
adjusting air flor
what makes up the most of the volume of the lung?
alveoli
the lung can be compared to
a sponge
the lung is enclosed by what kind out outer layer?
epithelial
the only way in an out of the lung is through the…
bronchial tree/primary bronchus
is the respiratory system a circuit?
no, it is bidirectional
What is secreted by type 2 cells to keep alveoli from collapsing due to surface tension?
surfactant
what is surfactant?
wetting agent (like dish washer detergent)
each alveolus is surrounded by a web of what?
capillaries
lungs are enclosed within two layers of
pleural membrane
the visceral layer of the lung does what?
completely encloses the lung
the layer of the lung that is closely applied to inner wall of thoracic cavity
parietal
the small amount of pleural fluid in space between membranes establish what between the visceral and parietal pleura?
a fluid lock
lungs stick to inner wall of thoracic cavity through surface tension of
pleural fluid
the thoracic cavity is sealed off at the bottom by the
diaphragm
when is the lung under tension/stretched ?
all the time
the process of getting air into and out of the lungs
ventilation
ventilation is dived into
inspiration and expiration
inspiration caused by…
contraction of the diaphragm and of external intercostal muscles causing increase in thoracic cavity volume
during ventilation, the lungs are consiered to be acting
passively
when lungs stretch, the air pressure
drios
expiration is called by
relaxation of external intercostals and diaphragm
lungs decrease in volume passively during expiration due to
elastic tissue
the amount of air displaced during resting ventilation (normal or quiet breating)
tidal volume
the tidal volume of lungs is
~500ml
the additional 3100ml you can inhale above tidal volume is called
inspirationary reserve volume
the additional 1200ml you can exhale beyond tidal volume
expiratory reserve volume
the difference between expiratory and inspiratory reserve volumes
vital capacity
the ~1200ml of air you can’t exhale
residual volume
Gas exerts physical
pressure
what percentage of air is nitrogen?
78%
what is the percentage of oxygen in the air?
21%
each gas making up the atmosphere contribute to
total atmospheric pressure
partial pressures act like
concentration gradients
the rate at which a gas will diffuse across a membrane depends on:
1) the membrane’s thickness
2) the surface area
3) the partial pressure differential across it
4) whether or not the membrane is wet
gas exchange is divided into
external respitation and internal respiration
external respiration depends on what process?
diffusion
what is the cheaptest way to transport gas molecules?
diffusion
a cellular monolayer bag surrounded with interstitial fluid
alberlus
the alveolar membrane is kept wet with
surfactant
the space between alveoli is threaded with
capillaries
What carries oxygen in the blood?
hemoglobin
how many oxgens does hemoglobin carry?
4
hemoglobin carries how many times of o2 and co2 than dissolved in blood plasma?
50x O2 and 17xCo2
in co2 transport,, 70% is converted to
carbonic acid
the conversion to carbonic acid is done by which enzyme?
carbonic anhydrase
the bicarbonate in gas transport forms the
acid base vuffer
the acid-base buffer in the blood doe swhat?
keeps blood ph within a narrow range over a wide range of metabolic conditions
gas exhange between tissues and blood is called
internal respiration
internal respiration depends on what process?
diffusion
concentration gradient in internal respiration gas exchange is maintained by
aerobic respiration
in internal respiration, co2 diffuses from tissues into
blood
neural control of ventilation takes place where?
the respiratory ventre in medulla
what is the controlled variable for respiratory monitoring?
co2 levels
what types of receptors signal the respiratory centre (medulla) to adjust ventilation rate and magnitudeÉ
gas receptors
the lungs are sealed within the
thoracic cavity
what centre moniters the movement of the thoracic musculature and composition of the bloodÉ
medullary respiratory centre
The exchange of gasses between the tissues and the blood is known as
internal respiration
What 4 components affects the rate at which a gas will diffuse across a membrane?
1) Wetness
2) Surface Area
3) Thickness
4) Difference in partial pressure
Do lungs play an active role in ventilation?
no
What causes lungs to inflate
Difference in pressure outside of the lungs
