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human biology > The Respiratory System > Flashcards

The Respiratory System Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards
1
Q

the common passageway for food, liquids, and air

A

the pharynx

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2
Q

Respiration comprises what what three processes?

A

ventilation, gas exchange, and gas transport

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3
Q

the process by which nutrients are metabolized within the cell to provide energy

A

respiration

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4
Q

what is the nasal cavity divided in two by?

A

the septum

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5
Q

hairs and ciliated epithelium in the nostrils and nasal cavity do what?

A

Filter out debris and warm and humidify air

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6
Q

What part of the nose increases surface area for warming and moistening of air?

A

Nasal conchae

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7
Q

what 3 portions is the pharynx divided into?

A

nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx

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8
Q

the nasopharyncx links the nasal cavity to the…

A

oropharynx

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9
Q

the laryngopharyns entrance to both…

A

esophagus and trachea

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10
Q

What sits on top of the trachea?

A

larync

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11
Q

the glottis is protected by the

A

epiglottis

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12
Q

what does the epiglottis do?

A

moves to block solids and liquids from entering trachea

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13
Q

what makes up the bronchial tree?

A

branching airways (tranchea, primary bronchi, secondary bronchi, etc)

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14
Q

What is the trachea lined with?

A

simple ciliated columnar epithelium and mucus secreting cells

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15
Q

the mucus sheet in the trachea traps

A

particulate matter

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16
Q

the cilia in the trachea do what?

A

sweep debris and mucus up to the throat where it gets swallowed

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17
Q

trachea function can be compared to a

A

dust trap

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18
Q

what kind of muscle is in the bronchi?

A

smooth muscle

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19
Q

the smooth muscle in the walls in the bronchioles control what?

A

adjusting air flor

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20
Q

what makes up the most of the volume of the lung?

A

alveoli

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21
Q

the lung can be compared to

A

a sponge

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22
Q

the lung is enclosed by what kind out outer layer?

A

epithelial

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23
Q

the only way in an out of the lung is through the…

A

bronchial tree/primary bronchus

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24
Q

is the respiratory system a circuit?

A

no, it is bidirectional

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25
Q

What is secreted by type 2 cells to keep alveoli from collapsing due to surface tension?

A

surfactant

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26
Q

what is surfactant?

A

wetting agent (like dish washer detergent)

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27
Q

each alveolus is surrounded by a web of what?

A

capillaries

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28
Q

lungs are enclosed within two layers of

A

pleural membrane

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29
Q

the visceral layer of the lung does what?

A

completely encloses the lung

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30
Q

the layer of the lung that is closely applied to inner wall of thoracic cavity

A

parietal

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31
Q

the small amount of pleural fluid in space between membranes establish what between the visceral and parietal pleura?

A

a fluid lock

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32
Q

lungs stick to inner wall of thoracic cavity through surface tension of

A

pleural fluid

33
Q

the thoracic cavity is sealed off at the bottom by the

A

diaphragm

34
Q

when is the lung under tension/stretched ?

A

all the time

35
Q

the process of getting air into and out of the lungs

A

ventilation

36
Q

ventilation is dived into

A

inspiration and expiration

37
Q

inspiration caused by…

A

contraction of the diaphragm and of external intercostal muscles causing increase in thoracic cavity volume

38
Q

during ventilation, the lungs are consiered to be acting

A

passively

39
Q

when lungs stretch, the air pressure

A

drios

40
Q

expiration is called by

A

relaxation of external intercostals and diaphragm

41
Q

lungs decrease in volume passively during expiration due to

A

elastic tissue

42
Q

the amount of air displaced during resting ventilation (normal or quiet breating)

A

tidal volume

43
Q

the tidal volume of lungs is

A

~500ml

44
Q

the additional 3100ml you can inhale above tidal volume is called

A

inspirationary reserve volume

45
Q

the additional 1200ml you can exhale beyond tidal volume

A

expiratory reserve volume

46
Q

the difference between expiratory and inspiratory reserve volumes

A

vital capacity

47
Q

the ~1200ml of air you can’t exhale

A

residual volume

48
Q

Gas exerts physical

A

pressure

49
Q

what percentage of air is nitrogen?

A

78%

50
Q

what is the percentage of oxygen in the air?

A

21%

51
Q

each gas making up the atmosphere contribute to

A

total atmospheric pressure

52
Q

partial pressures act like

A

concentration gradients

53
Q

the rate at which a gas will diffuse across a membrane depends on:

A

1) the membrane’s thickness
2) the surface area
3) the partial pressure differential across it
4) whether or not the membrane is wet

54
Q

gas exchange is divided into

A

external respitation and internal respiration

55
Q

external respiration depends on what process?

A

diffusion

56
Q

what is the cheaptest way to transport gas molecules?

A

diffusion

57
Q

a cellular monolayer bag surrounded with interstitial fluid

A

alberlus

58
Q

the alveolar membrane is kept wet with

A

surfactant

59
Q

the space between alveoli is threaded with

A

capillaries

60
Q

What carries oxygen in the blood?

A

hemoglobin

61
Q

how many oxgens does hemoglobin carry?

A

4

62
Q

hemoglobin carries how many times of o2 and co2 than dissolved in blood plasma?

A

50x O2 and 17xCo2

63
Q

in co2 transport,, 70% is converted to

A

carbonic acid

64
Q

the conversion to carbonic acid is done by which enzyme?

A

carbonic anhydrase

65
Q

the bicarbonate in gas transport forms the

A

acid base vuffer

66
Q

the acid-base buffer in the blood doe swhat?

A

keeps blood ph within a narrow range over a wide range of metabolic conditions

67
Q

gas exhange between tissues and blood is called

A

internal respiration

68
Q

internal respiration depends on what process?

A

diffusion

69
Q

concentration gradient in internal respiration gas exchange is maintained by

A

aerobic respiration

70
Q

in internal respiration, co2 diffuses from tissues into

A

blood

71
Q

neural control of ventilation takes place where?

A

the respiratory ventre in medulla

72
Q

what is the controlled variable for respiratory monitoring?

A

co2 levels

73
Q

what types of receptors signal the respiratory centre (medulla) to adjust ventilation rate and magnitudeÉ

A

gas receptors

74
Q

the lungs are sealed within the

A

thoracic cavity

75
Q

what centre moniters the movement of the thoracic musculature and composition of the bloodÉ

A

medullary respiratory centre

76
Q

The exchange of gasses between the tissues and the blood is known as

A

internal respiration

77
Q

What 4 components affects the rate at which a gas will diffuse across a membrane?

A

1) Wetness
2) Surface Area
3) Thickness
4) Difference in partial pressure

78
Q

Do lungs play an active role in ventilation?

A

no

79
Q

What causes lungs to inflate

A

Difference in pressure outside of the lungs

human biology (12 decks)

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