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Human Biology > The Nervous System > Flashcards

The Nervous System Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

2 types of neural cells

A

Neurons and Glia

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2
Q

The CNS consists of:

A

The brain and the spinal cord

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3
Q

What does the CNS do?

A

it receives, processes, stores and transfers information

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4
Q

The two subdivisions of the PNS

A

the sensory division and the motor division

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5
Q

the input neuron is called

A

the sensory neuron

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6
Q

the communication neuron is called

A

the interneuron

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7
Q

the output neuron is called

A

the motor neuron

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8
Q

what do glial cells provide?

A

support/glue

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9
Q

Neurons are cells specialized for…

A

communication

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10
Q

type of neuron specialized to respond to a certain type of stimulus such as pressure or light

A

sensory neuron

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11
Q

type of neuron that transmits impulses away from the CNs

A

motor neuron

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12
Q

how many neurons are in the human nervous system?

A

85 billion

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13
Q

All neurons consist of what parts

A

a cell body, one or more dendrites and an axon

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14
Q

the main body of a neuron

A

the cell body

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15
Q

where is the nucleus located in neurons?

A

the cell body

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16
Q

slender extensions of the cell body that receive information from other neurons

A

dendrites

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17
Q

the long, slender tube of cell membrane containing a small amount of cytoplasm, a part of a neuron:

A

the axon

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18
Q

axons of sensory neurons originate from a …

A

dendrite

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19
Q

axons from an interneuron and motor neuron originate from

A

the point of union with the cell body called the axon hillock

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20
Q

at the other end of axons, axon branches into slender extensions called

A

axon terminals

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21
Q

axon terminals end in small rounded tips called

A

axon bulbs

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22
Q

types of cells that provide physical support and protection to neurons and help maintain healthy concentrations of important chemicals in the fluid surrounding them

A

glial cells

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23
Q

what do neuroglial cells not generate?

A

impulses

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24
Q

type of cell in brain and spinal cord that act as the first and main form of active immune defense in the CNS

A

Microglia

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25
Q

the garbage collecting glial cell is called

A

macrophage

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26
Q

the generic term for cells in the CNS which are neither neurons, nor microglia

A

macroglia

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27
Q

the most abundant type of macroglia

A

astrocytes

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28
Q

the name astrocyte is because of

A

the shape of a star

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29
Q

two major functions of astrocytes

A

neuron support and component of blood brain barrier

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30
Q

3 types of macroglia

A

atrocytes, oligodendrocytes and schwann cells

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31
Q

where are oligodendrocytes ?

A

wrapped around axons in the CNS

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32
Q

2 functions of oligodendrocytes

A

create myelin sheath and assist in conduction in CNS only

33
Q

what do shwann cells provide?

A

myelination to the PNS only

34
Q

What is myelination?

A

the forming of a myelin sheath around a nerve to allow nerve impulses to move more quickly

35
Q

4 components of neurons

A
  1. Dendrites
  2. Soma/Cell Bosy
  3. Axon
  4. Synaptic bouton
36
Q

the input component of a neuron is

A

the dendrites

37
Q

the integrating component of a neuron is

A

the soma/cell body

38
Q

the conducting component of the neuron is the

A

axon

39
Q

the output component of the neuron is the

A

synaptic bouton

40
Q

the chemical-electrical signal from one neuron to a target is called

A

action potentials

41
Q

the sudden reversal of the voltage difference across the membrane is called

A

action potential

42
Q

when sodium-potassium pumps go through a cycle, the effect is a removal of what?

A

one osmotic particle and a positive charge

43
Q

the charge of the cell cytoplasm is what compared to the interstitial fluid?

A

slightly negative

44
Q

the difference in voltage across the cell membrane is called

A

membrane potential

45
Q

the tails of phospholipid molecules have what relation to water?

A

hydrophobic

46
Q

the resting potential of a neuron is

A

~-70mV

47
Q

The sodium potassium pump actively transports how many sodium ions out of the cell for 2 potassium ions?

A

3 Na+

48
Q

which side of the membrane has a higher concentration of sodium?

A

the interstitial fluid

49
Q

what is always leaking from the cell by passive diffusiion?

A

sodium

50
Q

depolarizting the membrane means

A

moving the voltage closer to zero

51
Q

making a membrane voltage more negative is called

A

hyperpolarization

52
Q

the transient local changes in resting potential during impulses are called

A

graded potentials

53
Q

when incoming signals from other neurons produce a bigger change in membrane potential than does one impulse alone

A

summation

54
Q

if the sum of all graded potentials reaches the threshold, what happens?

A

an action potential

55
Q

another word for action potential

A

electrical impulse

56
Q

an action potential occurs as a sequence of three event:

A

depolarization, repolarization and reestablishment of the resting potential

57
Q

concentraion differences lead to…

A

ion movement as a result of diffusion

58
Q

ions will naturally move in what direction of a concentration gradient?

A

down

59
Q

during depolarization of the membrane, what happens?

A

sodium moves into the axon

60
Q

what happens during repolarizzation

A

potassium moves out of the axon

61
Q

What happens during the reestablishment of restin potentialÉ

A

potassium channels close

62
Q

the period when another action potential cannot be generated is called

A

the absolute refractory period

63
Q

the presence of an absolute refractory period ensures

A

that action potentials move in one direction only

64
Q

the absolute refractory period is followed by

A

a brief relative refractory period

65
Q

During the relative refractory period, most of the potassium channels are

A

still open and the membrane is slightly hyperpolarized, making it harder to generate the next action potential

66
Q

Between adjacent schwann cells on the axon are short, uninsulated gaps called

A

nodes of Ranvier

67
Q

the mylein sheath provides 3 function

A
  1. Saves neuron energy
  2. Speeds up transmission of impulses
  3. helps regeneration of damaged axons in PNS
68
Q

the leaping pattern for conduction along myelinated neurons is called

A

saltatory conduction

69
Q

a 10 degree increate in temperature results in what for membranesÉ

A

double of conduction velocity

70
Q

to convert information from neuron to target (muscle, cell, etc.) the action potential releases a chemical called

A

neurotransmitter

71
Q

neurotransmitters cross a speciallized junction called

A

synapse

72
Q

the entire signalling process from neuron to target cell is called

A

synaptic transmission

73
Q

in the first step of synaptic transmission, an action potential arrives where and causes whatÉ

A

arrives at the axon bulb and causes calcium channels in presynaptic membrane to open

74
Q

the presence of calcium during synaptic transmission causes what?

A

vesicles to fuse with presynaptic membrane and release their neurotransmitters into synaptic cleft

75
Q

the neurtransmitters reach the postsynaptic membrane by

A

diffusion over the synaptic cleft

76
Q

what is the synaptic cleft?

A

the space between the pre and post synaptic membranes

77
Q

when molecules of the neurotransmitter bind to the postsynaptic membrane, what happens?

A

certain chemically gated channels such as that for sodium, open

78
Q

When the channels on the postsynaptic membrane open, what happens?

A

sodium ions diffuse inward and produce graded depolarization of the postsynaptic membrane

79
Q

graded potentials are caused by the opening of

A

chemically senstivive ion channels

Human Biology (12 decks)

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