Cell Biology Flashcards
subcellular structures that carry out various processes for the cell as a whole
organelles
4 types of processes within the cell
- Reproduction
- Access control
- Production of energy
- Support and movement
What is another word for prokaryotic cells?
Bacteria
Eukaryotic cells are distinct to prokaryotic cells because they have what?
a discrete membrane bound nucleus and numerous organelles
The basic eukaryotic cell consists of the four components:
1) Plasma Membrane
2) Nucleus
3) Organelles
4) Cytoplasm
the semisolic ground substance of the cell
cytoplasm
the aqueous portion of the cytoplasm is called
intracellular water
another way to describe the nuclear envelope is…
a lipid bilayer that bounds the nucleus
which part of the cell contains DNA?
nucleus
membrane-bound, subcellular compartments dedicated to various metabolic, structural or synthetic processes within the cell
organelles
the lipid bilayer forming the surface of the cell is called…
plasma membrane
what are the 3 functions of the plasma membrane?
1) Controls access to cytoplasm
2) Defines limits of cell
3) Surface for attachment
term for the energy-consuming assembly of molecules from smaller units
anabolism
term for energy-yielding breakdown of large molecules into smaller units
catabolism
the basic currency unit of energy economy within the cell is called
ATP
organelle that is the site of aerobic respiration per cell
mitochondria
the lipid bilayer of mitochondria is highly planted with what?
cristae
what do cristae do?
support enzymes involved in electron transport system and exposes largesurface area to internal liquid matrix
What is the first step of cellular respiration?
Glycolisis
the process of how we derive energy from the food that we eat
cellular respiration
the gross ATP yield from glycolisis per glucose molecule is
4 ATP
Where does glycolisis take place?
in the cytoplasm
How much oxygen is required for glycolisis?
none
What is the second step of cellular respiration?
The pyrucate molecule loses 1 C as CO2
What happens in the Krebs cycle?
acetyl coA breaks down, yelding high enery electrons and protons
where does the krebs cycle take place?
in the matric
the complex interacting of proteins in cristae of mitochondrion where energy is used to pump H+ through the cristae membraine is called
the Electron transport chain
What is pumped through the cristae membrane?
H+
net yield of ATP from electron transport chain
34 ATP per glucose molecule
Lipids, proteins, carbs can all be energy sources through cellular resp. once what happens?
They break down into 2C fragments
The protein respiration produces NH3, which is synthesized into what?
Urea - a nitrogenous waste
what is the waste product produced in anaerobic respiration?
lactic acid
the basic constituent of the plasma membrane is…
the fluid mosaic model, made of phospholipid molecules
what is the structure of a phospholipid molecule?
hydrophilic heads, hydrophobic tails
phospholipid molecules form themselves into…
lipid bilayers with heads pointing out and tails pointing in
cell membranes (lipid bilayers) are stiffened with what?
cholesterol
what are cell membranes studded with that penetrate from inside to the outside of the cell?
transport proteins
Why are transport proteins/cell membranes selectively permeable?
some molecules can cross it easily while many can’t without aid
a concentration gradient usually occurs in what contexts?
1) One gas is mixed with another
2) A solute is dissolved in a solvent
the tendency of molecules or atoms of one kind to move from a volume in which they are relatively abundant to one in which they are relatively rare
diffusion
what is diffusion due to?
the random movement of the particles involved
when two volumes of water separated by a semi permeable barrier make water cross the membrane to balance the concentrations of solute
osmosis
the physical pressure that exerts on the membrane during osmosis is called
osmotic pressue
term for the relative concentrations of solute on the two sides of a semi-permeable membrane
tonicity
what is an isotonic solution?
a solution that has the same concentration of solute as the reference solution
a solution that has a lower concentration of solute than the reference solution is considered…
hyptonic
a solution that has a higher concentration of solute than the reference solution is called
hypertonic
the movement of molecules or atoms down a concentration gradient across the plasma membrane, by diffusion is called…
passive transport
is there energy expense in passive transport?
no
what type of transport is when proteins bind with the molecule and change shape to push the molecule through the membrane?
fascilitated transport
What is active transport?
the movement of molecules or atoms against their concentration gradient across plasma membrane
when a dimple in cell membrane becomes engulfed with material and caries it into the cytoplasm is called
endocytosis
when a vesicle produced by a cell merges with the cell membrane and releases material, it is called…
exocytosis
For every 2K+ molecules the Na-K pump moves into the cell, how many Na+ does it move out of the cell?
3Na+
What element does water follows?
Na+ (salt)
the water content of the body can be divided into 2 major compartments:
1) Extracellular fluid
2) Intercellular fluid
what compartment is all of the body’s water that is NOT found within the cell membranes?
extracellular fluid
