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Human Biology > Cell Biology > Flashcards

Cell Biology Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

subcellular structures that carry out various processes for the cell as a whole

A

organelles

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2
Q

4 types of processes within the cell

A
  1. Reproduction
  2. Access control
  3. Production of energy
  4. Support and movement
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3
Q

What is another word for prokaryotic cells?

A

Bacteria

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4
Q

Eukaryotic cells are distinct to prokaryotic cells because they have what?

A

a discrete membrane bound nucleus and numerous organelles

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5
Q

The basic eukaryotic cell consists of the four components:

A

1) Plasma Membrane
2) Nucleus
3) Organelles
4) Cytoplasm

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6
Q

the semisolic ground substance of the cell

A

cytoplasm

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7
Q

the aqueous portion of the cytoplasm is called

A

intracellular water

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8
Q

another way to describe the nuclear envelope is…

A

a lipid bilayer that bounds the nucleus

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9
Q

which part of the cell contains DNA?

A

nucleus

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10
Q

membrane-bound, subcellular compartments dedicated to various metabolic, structural or synthetic processes within the cell

A

organelles

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11
Q

the lipid bilayer forming the surface of the cell is called…

A

plasma membrane

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12
Q

what are the 3 functions of the plasma membrane?

A

1) Controls access to cytoplasm
2) Defines limits of cell
3) Surface for attachment

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13
Q

term for the energy-consuming assembly of molecules from smaller units

A

anabolism

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14
Q

term for energy-yielding breakdown of large molecules into smaller units

A

catabolism

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15
Q

the basic currency unit of energy economy within the cell is called

A

ATP

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16
Q

organelle that is the site of aerobic respiration per cell

A

mitochondria

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17
Q

the lipid bilayer of mitochondria is highly planted with what?

A

cristae

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18
Q

what do cristae do?

A

support enzymes involved in electron transport system and exposes largesurface area to internal liquid matrix

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19
Q

What is the first step of cellular respiration?

A

Glycolisis

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20
Q

the process of how we derive energy from the food that we eat

A

cellular respiration

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21
Q

the gross ATP yield from glycolisis per glucose molecule is

A

4 ATP

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22
Q

Where does glycolisis take place?

A

in the cytoplasm

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23
Q

How much oxygen is required for glycolisis?

A

none

24
Q

What is the second step of cellular respiration?

A

The pyrucate molecule loses 1 C as CO2

25
Q

What happens in the Krebs cycle?

A

acetyl coA breaks down, yelding high enery electrons and protons

26
Q

where does the krebs cycle take place?

A

in the matric

27
Q

the complex interacting of proteins in cristae of mitochondrion where energy is used to pump H+ through the cristae membraine is called

A

the Electron transport chain

28
Q

What is pumped through the cristae membrane?

A

H+

29
Q

net yield of ATP from electron transport chain

A

34 ATP per glucose molecule

30
Q

Lipids, proteins, carbs can all be energy sources through cellular resp. once what happens?

A

They break down into 2C fragments

31
Q

The protein respiration produces NH3, which is synthesized into what?

A

Urea - a nitrogenous waste

32
Q

what is the waste product produced in anaerobic respiration?

A

lactic acid

33
Q

the basic constituent of the plasma membrane is…

A

the fluid mosaic model, made of phospholipid molecules

34
Q

what is the structure of a phospholipid molecule?

A

hydrophilic heads, hydrophobic tails

35
Q

phospholipid molecules form themselves into…

A

lipid bilayers with heads pointing out and tails pointing in

36
Q

cell membranes (lipid bilayers) are stiffened with what?

A

cholesterol

37
Q

what are cell membranes studded with that penetrate from inside to the outside of the cell?

A

transport proteins

38
Q

Why are transport proteins/cell membranes selectively permeable?

A

some molecules can cross it easily while many can’t without aid

39
Q

a concentration gradient usually occurs in what contexts?

A

1) One gas is mixed with another

2) A solute is dissolved in a solvent

40
Q

the tendency of molecules or atoms of one kind to move from a volume in which they are relatively abundant to one in which they are relatively rare

A

diffusion

41
Q

what is diffusion due to?

A

the random movement of the particles involved

42
Q

when two volumes of water separated by a semi permeable barrier make water cross the membrane to balance the concentrations of solute

A

osmosis

43
Q

the physical pressure that exerts on the membrane during osmosis is called

A

osmotic pressue

44
Q

term for the relative concentrations of solute on the two sides of a semi-permeable membrane

A

tonicity

45
Q

what is an isotonic solution?

A

a solution that has the same concentration of solute as the reference solution

46
Q

a solution that has a lower concentration of solute than the reference solution is considered…

A

hyptonic

47
Q

a solution that has a higher concentration of solute than the reference solution is called

A

hypertonic

48
Q

the movement of molecules or atoms down a concentration gradient across the plasma membrane, by diffusion is called…

A

passive transport

49
Q

is there energy expense in passive transport?

A

no

50
Q

what type of transport is when proteins bind with the molecule and change shape to push the molecule through the membrane?

A

fascilitated transport

51
Q

What is active transport?

A

the movement of molecules or atoms against their concentration gradient across plasma membrane

52
Q

when a dimple in cell membrane becomes engulfed with material and caries it into the cytoplasm is called

A

endocytosis

53
Q

when a vesicle produced by a cell merges with the cell membrane and releases material, it is called…

A

exocytosis

54
Q

For every 2K+ molecules the Na-K pump moves into the cell, how many Na+ does it move out of the cell?

A

3Na+

55
Q

What element does water follows?

A

Na+ (salt)

56
Q

the water content of the body can be divided into 2 major compartments:

A

1) Extracellular fluid

2) Intercellular fluid

57
Q

what compartment is all of the body’s water that is NOT found within the cell membranes?

A

extracellular fluid

Human Biology (12 decks)

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