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Human Biology > The Digestive System and Nutrition > Flashcards

The Digestive System and Nutrition Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

the basic body plan of bilateral animals is…

A

a tube within a tube

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2
Q

What is another word for the outer tube of the gut?

A

body wall

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3
Q

What is another word for the inner tube of the gut?

A

gut

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4
Q

what are the four layers of the idealized gut from inside to out?

A

1) Mucosa
2) Submucosa
3) Serosa
4) Musculares

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5
Q

the inner most epithelial layer where absorption and secretion take place

A

mucosa

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6
Q

the very thin outer layer of the gut of connective tissue and serous membrane

A

serosa

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7
Q

layer of gut that serves as route for nerves

A

serosa

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8
Q

layer of gut containing lymph and blood vessels that carry off absorbed nutrients

A

submucosa

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9
Q

the two sublayers of smooth muscle in the gut

A

muscularis

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10
Q

what is motility?

A

moving food along, breaking it down mechanically

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11
Q

what part of gut allows motility of food

A

muscularis

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12
Q

what is a good visual example of peristalsis?

A

snake swallowing food whole

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13
Q

what process moves food back and forth to mix food with digestive juices during peristalsis?

A

segmentation

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14
Q

the release of various enzymes into lumen of gut for digestion and lubrication

A

secretion

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15
Q

2 types of digestion

A

mechanical and chemical

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16
Q

type of digestion that is the physical breakup of large food particles into smaller pieces

A

mechanical

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17
Q

type of digestion involved in breaking chemical bonds with nutrient molecules

A

chemical digestion

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18
Q

what part of saliva binds the mucus to be thick

A

mucins

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19
Q

what is secreted from salivary glands?

A

Saliva, mucins, and bicarbonate ions

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20
Q

what do bicarbonate ions in the mouth do?

A

buffer mouth ph so amylase can function

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21
Q

what is in saliva that helps chemical digestion?

A

salivary amylase

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22
Q

what does teeth help with?

A

mechanical digestion

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23
Q

deglutition is another word for…

A

swallowing

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24
Q

swalling is a for of…

A

motility

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25
Q

What is the name for chewed food that the tongue forms

A

bolus

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26
Q

The forcing of the bolus into the pharynx triggers…

A

swallowing reflec

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27
Q

what closes during swalling?

A

epiglottis

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28
Q

what process takes the bolus down the esophagus into the stomach?

A

peristalsis

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29
Q

what comes first for the bolus? pharynx or esophagus?

A

pharynx

30
Q

the muscular tube extending from pharynx to stomach is called

A

esophagus

31
Q

4 functions of the stomach:

A

1) Stores chewed and swallowed food
2) mixes food with gastric juice to form chyme
3) continues and elaborates chemical digestion
4) regulates passage of chyme into small intestine

32
Q

4 regions of the stomach (moving down)

A

1) Cardia
2) Fundus
3) Body
4) Pylorus

33
Q

folds in stomach that allow stomach to stretch considerably

A

rugae

34
Q

3 layers of stomach

A

1) Circular
2) Longitudinal
3) Oblique

35
Q

what do the lower esophageal sphincter and the pyloric sphincter do?

A

create peristaltic contractions to force chyme to mix and move toward pyloric sphincter

36
Q

time it takes to empty and force contractions of a meal

A

2-6 hours

37
Q

how much gastic juices do perople secrete per day?

A

2L

38
Q

secretion of gastic juices are stimulated by…

A

direct food signals

39
Q

components of gastric juices (4)

A
  1. Water
  2. Mucus
  3. HCl
  4. Pepsinogens
40
Q

What does the HCl in gastric juice do?

A

increase acidity, helps break down food into semiliquid chyme

41
Q

what do pepsinogens do?

A

digest proteins

42
Q

secretion of bicarbonate and mucus from mucosa form what layer ?

A

gastric mucousal barrier

43
Q

what does the gastric mucousal barrier do?

A

prevents absorption across gastic mucosa

44
Q

the organ in which the greatest diversity of chemical digestion and absorption

A

small intestine

45
Q

How many regions are in the small intestine?

A

3

46
Q

mucosa and submucosa are folded into…

A

plicae

47
Q

in the small intestine, the mucosa develops into…

A

villi

48
Q

each cell in the mucosa of the small intestine are topped with…

A

microvilli

49
Q

what do microvilli and plicae and villi all do in the small intestine?

A

increase the internal surface area

50
Q

each villus in the small intestine encloses a small capillary plexus and lacteal for what?

A

transport of absorbed nutrients

51
Q

What does the intestinal mucosa divide the lumen of the gut from ?

A

extracellular fluid pool

52
Q

3 accessory glands

A

pancreas, liver and gallbladder

53
Q

most of the fluids secretes in the small intestine come from….

A

accessory organs

54
Q

what does pancreatic juice break down?

A

proteins, sugars, nucleic acids

55
Q

what stimulates the production of pancreatic juice?

A

chyme in the duodenum

56
Q

function of bicarbonate in pancreatic juice

A

neutralize gastic HCl

57
Q

what types of transport are used across the epithelial cells of mucosa with pancreatic juice?

A

active and fascilitated transport

58
Q

once nutrients are transported through the mucosa?

A

they go into capillaries for transport away from digestive system

59
Q

digestion of proteins, sugars and nucleic acids by pacreatic juice is what type of digestion?

A

chemical

60
Q

fat digestion is partly by pancreatic enzymes and partly…

A

bile from the liver

61
Q

where is bile stored when food is not in intestine?

A

gall bladder

62
Q

What do bile salts do to fat?

A

emulsify fat globules as a form of mechanical digestion

63
Q

emulsified, digested fatty acids and monoglycerides form what in fat digestion

A

micelles

64
Q

what does water based pancreatic lipases do?

A

effectively digest fats in smaller globules

65
Q

another word for the large intestine

A

colon

66
Q

whatever is not absorbed in the small intestine moves into the…

A

colon

67
Q

what is reabsorbed in the large intestine?

A

water and salts

68
Q

how many bacteria are in your large intestine?

A

15 trillion

69
Q

what role does the central nervous system have in digestive system?

A

local blood flow (maintaining conditions for proper operation)

70
Q

the role of the autonomic of nervous system play in the digestive system?

A

stimulates gut in response to sensory cue (sight or smell of food)

71
Q

what is the enteric nervous system

A

cluster of nerves in the gut

Human Biology (12 decks)

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