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Human Biology > Blood Vessels > Flashcards

Blood Vessels Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

the word “cardiovascular” breaks up into words that mean…

A

heart + small vessel

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2
Q

role of vessels

A

transport blood

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3
Q

3 major types of blood vessels

A

arteries, capillaries and veins

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4
Q

what is an arteriole?

A

small version of artery

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5
Q

when capillaries get smaller and then bigger again, this creates

A

venules and capillary bed

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6
Q

what is a venule?

A

slightly larger version from capillaries that turn into veins

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7
Q

explain structure of artieries

A

thicker walls with smaller lumen

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8
Q

Why is pressure lower in veins?

A

because they have a larger lumen

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9
Q

inner layer of blood vessels is made of

A

epithelial cells

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10
Q

the middle layer of blood vessels is made of

A

smooth muscle cells

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11
Q

what does the smooth muscle in blood vessels allow?

A

change in diameter of lumen

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12
Q

the outer layer of blood vessels are made of

A

connective tissue

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13
Q

the inner layer of blood vessels allow smooth blood flow because…

A

the squamous cells reduce friction

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14
Q

the smooth muscle cells in blood vessels allow for

A

vasoconstriction and vasodialation

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15
Q

what types of fibres are in the middle layer of blood vessels?

A

elastic fibres

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16
Q

role of elastic fibres in blood vessels

A

stretch with heartbeat and rebounds to ensure consistent pressure

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17
Q

role of connective tissue in outer layer of blood vessels

A

protect and anchor vessels to surrounding tissue

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18
Q

which blood vessels have the lowest blood pressure?

A

veins

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19
Q

how does blood move in the veins?

A

skeletal muscles squeeze veins and venous valves ensure blood only moves in one direction

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20
Q

what does the respiratory pump do?

A

squeezes blood from abdomen toward the heart

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21
Q

what type of muscle is the heart?

A

striated

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22
Q

what are the four layers of the heart?

A

epicardium, myocardium, endocardium, pericardium

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23
Q

the very thin layer of the heart made of epithelial cells and continues with the inner layer of blood vessels

A

epicardium

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24
Q

the light membrane that surround the heart, also known as a sac of fluid that suspends the heart

A

pericardium

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25
Q

what chamber is on top of the other? Ventricle or Atrium?

A

Atrium is on top of the ventricle

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26
Q

5 components of the heart

A

Aorta, Atriums, Ventricles, Ventricular Septum, Pulmonary Trunk

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27
Q

Where is the pulmonary valve?

A

between the pulmonary trunk and Right ventricle

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28
Q

Where is the aortic valve?

A

between the left ventricle and aorta

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29
Q

another word for left atrioventricular valve

A

the bicuspid, mitral valve

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30
Q

how many flaps on on the right atrioventricular valve?

A

3 (tricuspid)

31
Q

Aortic and pulmonary valves are called semilunar because…

A

they are shaped like a half moon

32
Q

two states of the heart

A

systole and diastole

33
Q

term for period of contraction

A

systole

34
Q

term for period of relaxation

A

diastole

35
Q

During diastole, blood flows into the…

A

atria

36
Q

during diastole, what percentage of blood flows directly into the ventricles?

A

75%

37
Q

What contracts during systole?

A

atria

38
Q

when is the rest of blood pushed into ventricles?

A

during systole

39
Q

when do ventricles begin to contract?

A

during systole

40
Q

what does increased ventricular pressure during systole cause?

A

atrioventricular valves close

41
Q

what is isovolumetic contraction?

A

when there is contraction in the heart without a change in volume

42
Q

term for when blood inside ventricles are pushed out into arteries

A

ventricular ejection

43
Q

when ventricles relax, what happens to the rest of the heart?

A

there is more pressure in aortas and the semilunar valves close

44
Q

term for when both atria contract and force blood into ventricles

A

atrial systole

45
Q

during atrial systole, what are the states of the valves?

A

AV valves open, semilunar valves closed

46
Q

term for when both ventricles contract and cause the AV valves to close and SL valves to open

A

ventricular systole

47
Q

during ventricular systole, what happens to blood?

A

Blood is ejected into the pulmonary trunk and aorta

48
Q

the first heart sound is otherwise known as…

A

Lub

49
Q

the second heart sound is otherwise known as

A

Dub

50
Q

What is the first heart sound from?

A

the closure of the atrioventricular valves

51
Q

What is the second heart sound from?

A

the closure of the semilunar valve

52
Q

What is the third heart sound from?

A

blood rushing into the ventricles from the atria, causing slight vibration

53
Q

cardiac contraction is controlled by groups of cells called

A

pacemaker cells

54
Q

another word for excitation

A

depolarization

55
Q

another word for relaxation

A

repolarization

56
Q

the SA node is on top of the….

A

right atrium

57
Q

myocytes in the SA node rhythmically generate…

A

action potentials

58
Q

activity of the SA node spreads to the…

A

AV node

59
Q

where is the AV node?

A

the portion of the right atrium that is closest to the centre of the heart

60
Q

there is very rapid communication through the myogenic heart because of

A

AV bundle, bundle branches and purkinje fibres

61
Q

What is the P wave on the electrocardiogram?

A

depolarization of the atria, atrial contraction

62
Q

The QRS complex on the graph is..

A

the big spike indicating the depolarization of ventricles

63
Q

when is the t wave in the electrocardigram?

A

after the ARS complex, signifying the repolarization of the ventricles

64
Q

a type of rapid irregular centrical contraction that is very fatal

A

ventricular fibrillation

65
Q

disorder that causes impaired blood flow through coronary arteries and is perceived as pain and tightness in the chest

A

angina

66
Q

another word for heart attack

A

myocardial infraction

67
Q

what causes a myocardial infraction

A

tissue death from inadequate blood supply

68
Q

pain radiating down left arm is an indication of

A

myocardial infraction

69
Q

myocardial infraction can lead to

A

congestive heart failure

70
Q

when there is a blockage of a blood vessel by material floating in the blood stream, it is called an

A

embolism

71
Q

2 types of stroke

A

ischemic or hemorrhagic

72
Q

what is a stroke?

A

impairment of blood flow that damages brain cells

73
Q

signs of stroke (FAST)

A

Face drooping
Arm weakness
Speech difficulties
Time to call 911

Human Biology (12 decks)

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