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Human Biology > Biology as a Science > Flashcards

Biology as a Science Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

The atomic composition of living beings is:

A

CHONP: Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus

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2
Q

Inherited coded instructions (genes) for forming structures from raw materials

A

DNA

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3
Q

Units of inheritance are called…

A

genes

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4
Q

the extraction of energy and raw materials from the environment and using it to carry out maintenance, growth and reproduction is called….

A

metabolism

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5
Q

homeostasis is when…

A

living things use energy to maintain a constant internal environment

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6
Q

The way living things sense and respond to external stimuli is called

A

irritability

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7
Q

is adaptation collective or individual?

A

collective

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8
Q

two ways the living world can be organized into hierarchical ways

A

by complexity ( levels of organization) and decent

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9
Q

the natural unit of systematic classification is the…

A

species

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10
Q

in the systemic classification of organisms, the more inclusive (general) the group, the … in the hierarchy

A

higher up

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11
Q

What type of reasoning does the scientific method use?

A

inductive

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12
Q

Four postulates of darwin’s theory of evolution

A
  1. Organisms vary in behaviour and morphological characteristics
  2. Differences in organisms are heritable
  3. there are differences in the number of descendants and org. will have
  4. resproductive rates or organisms greatly exceed their ability of their environment to support hem
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13
Q

Darwins theory explains historically increasing complexity of what?

A

the biosphere

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14
Q

theories from different sciences supporting eachother shows…

A

consilience

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15
Q

humans have a type 1 survivorship curve, meaning what?

A

most individuals survive for most of the maximum lifespan, with heavy mortality toward the end

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16
Q

How are humans K-strategists?

A

they breed infrequently and incest a great deal in large, expensive offspring

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17
Q

the science of classification of living and fossil species

A

systematics

18
Q

evolutionary innovations unique to the common ancestor of a group and all of its descendents is called a…

A

shared derived feature

19
Q

the hierarchy levels genus, family and order are from what hierarchy

A

Linnaean systematic

20
Q

the human species is called

A

sapiens

21
Q

the henus of humans is called

A

homo

22
Q

the family of humans is called

A

hominidae

23
Q

Sapiens are characterized with

A

delicate skull
small face
prominent chin

24
Q

the homo genus is comprised of humans distinguished by what?

A

development of the frontal lobes

25
Q

hominidae is a family comprides of

A

bipedal hominoids

26
Q

what is the superfamily of the humans?

A

hominoidea

27
Q

Who is a part of the hominodea?

A

apea, humans, and australopithecines

28
Q

The name for the order than humans are a part of is called

A

primates

29
Q

6 pre-adaptations of primates

A

1) Stereoscopic vision
2) opposable digits
3) generalized dentition and diet
4) intelligence and sociability
5) high encephalization
6) moderately large body size

30
Q

what does it mean to have hihg encephalization?

A

a trend toward high brain weight/body weight ratio

31
Q

The pre-adaptation of generalized dentition and diet allowed primates to do what?

A

exploit a wide range of food types and thus of a wide range of habitats

32
Q

Modern human beings arise from the group of hominoids known as

A

the great apes

33
Q

to become bopedal, humans needed to shorten and deepen what?

A

the pelvis

34
Q

the opening at the bottom of the skull where the spinal cord enters is called

A

the foramen magnum

35
Q

Why go bipedal?

A

less energetically expensive

36
Q

What was interesting about the ardipithecus ramidus

A

it was an early bipedal hominit

37
Q

the differing in size between males and females of homo is called…

A

sexual size dimorphism

38
Q

Reason for delay in maturation of humans

A

difficult of accomodating huge brained babies

39
Q

what is paedomorphosis?

A

juvenille chimps showing a similar cranial structure as homo

40
Q

the quick evolution from a single ancestral species to a large number of closely related species in a common geographic area is called…

A

adaptive radiation

41
Q

what was unique about the homo floresiensis?

A

it was a small brained, dwarf sized h. erectus that used tools

42
Q

body build of neanderthalensis

A

very robust and muscular

Human Biology (12 decks)

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