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Human Biology > From Cells to Organ Systems > Flashcards

From Cells to Organ Systems Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

why does multicellularity enable cells to specialize?

A

Because the organism as a whole works to maintain internal homeostasis

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2
Q

why does multicellularity require cells to specialize?

A

to carry out functions for the orgainsm as a whole

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3
Q

Four types of tissues

A

Epithelial
Connective Muscle
Nervous

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4
Q

3 functions of epithelial tissues

A
  1. Protective coverings
  2. Barriers controlling access into and out of extracellular fluid
  3. Secretory
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5
Q

2 types of epitelial layers

A

Simple and stratified

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6
Q

type of epithelial tissue that is a single cell layer, thin, and easily penetrated. Often used for exchange and secretion

A

simple epithelial tissue

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7
Q

type of epithelial tissue that has multiple cell layers, thick and difficult to penetrate

A

Stratified

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8
Q

epithelial tissue for protection against abrasion

A

stratified

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9
Q

3 Types of Cell Shapes in Simple Epithelial Tissues

A
  1. Squamous
  2. Cuboidal
  3. Columnar
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10
Q

flat and thin cells that form skin and some exchange linings

A

squamous epithelial tissues

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11
Q

type of epithelial tissue cell that is more or less cubic, forms glandular linings and kidney tubules

A

cuboidal

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12
Q

epithelial tissues that are taller than they are wide and form lining of most of digestive tract

A

columnar

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13
Q

Cells are attached to what basement membrane?

A

proteinaceous

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14
Q

How are cells attached to the proteinaceous basement membrane?

A
  1. Tight junctions
  2. Adhesion junctions
  3. Gap junctions
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15
Q

What is another word for the proteinaceous basement membrane?

A

extracellular substance

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16
Q

secretory, unicellular or multicellular epithelial structures are called…

A

Glands

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17
Q

2 types of glands

A

Exocrine

Endocrine

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18
Q

Type of gland with a duct that empties onto an epithelial surface internally or externally

A

Exocrine

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19
Q

Type of epithelial gland that is ductless and secretes directly into blood and extracellular fluid, producing hormones

A

Endocrine

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20
Q

what lines body cavities and sheathing and suspending organs

A

Organismal membranes

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21
Q

Tissues that contribute to organismal membranes other than epithelia is…

A
  1. Mucous membrane
  2. Serous membrane
  3. Cutenous membrane
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22
Q

the acellular extracellular matrix in connective tissues is made up of…

A

a ground substance and fibres (collagen, elastin)

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23
Q

what forms the bulk of connective tissues?

A

matrix

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24
Q

Roles of connective tissues

A
  1. Structural (bones, cartilage)
  2. Transport (blood)
  3. Energy storage (fat)
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25
Q

Basic matrix of connective tissues is…

A

glycoprotein/carbohydrate complexes

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26
Q

type of connective tissue that has few fibres, loosely arranged packing and often found under skin and around organs

A

Loose connective tissue

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27
Q

fibres that are predominate in connective tissue matrix

A

dense regular connective tissue

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28
Q

types of connective tissue in tendons and ligaments

A

dense regular connective tissue

29
Q

types of connective tissue in organs and joint capsules

A

dense irregular connective tissue

30
Q

type of connective tissue in bladder

A

elastic connective tissue

31
Q

tissue specialized for the storage of fats

A

adipose tissue

32
Q

solid, pliable collagenous matrix with chondroblasts in small lacunae

A

Cartilage

33
Q

connective tissue that has mineralized ground substance

A

bone

34
Q

a large ground substance (water) component

A

blood

35
Q

Blood and bone are both what type of tissue

A

connective

36
Q

contractile cells used to move entire body

A

muscle tissues

37
Q

tissue made of neurons and glial cells that generate and transmit action potentials

A

nervous tissue

38
Q

name for a structure composed of two or more tissue types acting together to perform function

A

Organ

39
Q

a group of organs with functions coordinated and integrated for a broad survival function

A

organ system

40
Q

two major body cavities

A

Posterior and Anterior

41
Q

which body cavity is composed of cranial cavity and vertebral canal, as well as overall central nervous system?

A

Posterior cavity

42
Q

The posterior cavity is largely encased by….

A

bone

43
Q

What is the anterior cavity composed of?

A

Thoracic, abdominal and pelvic cavities

44
Q

three planes of symmetry

A
  1. Sagittal
  2. Frontal
  3. Transverse
45
Q

4 Anatomical directions

A
  1. Superior/Inferior
  2. Anterior/Posterior
  3. Proximal/Distal
  4. Deep/Superficial
46
Q

What does the midsagital plane cut through?

A

middle of front facing body, between eyebrows

47
Q

Describe the inferior direction of the body

A

furthest from the head or toward lower part of structure

48
Q

the plane that divides the top part of body and body is called

A

transverse

49
Q

Where is the frontal plane?

A

Divides the front and back of human

50
Q

to minimize the work that cells must do to maintain their own intracellular volumes and solute compositions, what must the the organism do?

A

maintain constancy in the solute composition and volume of the body’s extracellular fluid

51
Q

what is another word for enzymes?

A

catalysts

52
Q

proteins that make the reaction happen more quickly are called

A

enzymes

53
Q

What are enzymes critical for?

A

metabolism

54
Q

Enzyme shape is dependent upon…

A

temperature and ph

55
Q

two types of feedback systems

A

positive and negative

56
Q

2 components of feedback systems

A

controlled variable and sensor

57
Q

term for any variable aspect of the internal environment which the body can manipulate

A

controlled variable

58
Q

term for an organ which moniters a particular controlled variable

A

sensor

59
Q

term for an organ which received input from the sensor, integrates it and compares it to a set point, then initiates action if necessary

A

control centre

60
Q

term for organs which are stimulated by the control centre to take actions which alter the level of the controlled variable

A

effectors

61
Q

type of feedback loop where all deviations from the norm trigger response that drive the system back toward the norm (the setpoint)

A

negative feedback loop

62
Q

what types of feedback loops are homeostatic mechinisms?

A

negative

63
Q

the controlled variabel in thermoregulation is

A

core body temperature

64
Q

the sensor in thermoregulation is

A

small organs in skin and viscera

65
Q

the control centre and setpoint for thermoregulation is

A

hypothalamus

66
Q

the4 effectors in thermoregulation are

A

skeletal muscles, blood vessels, sweat glands and thyroid gland

67
Q

type of feedback loop that is a deviation from the norm that triggers response that drives the system further away from the norm

A

positive feedback loop

68
Q

types of processes positive feedback loops act for:

A

labour and blood clotting

Human Biology (12 decks)

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