From Cells to Organ Systems Flashcards
why does multicellularity enable cells to specialize?
Because the organism as a whole works to maintain internal homeostasis
why does multicellularity require cells to specialize?
to carry out functions for the orgainsm as a whole
Four types of tissues
Epithelial
Connective Muscle
Nervous
3 functions of epithelial tissues
- Protective coverings
- Barriers controlling access into and out of extracellular fluid
- Secretory
2 types of epitelial layers
Simple and stratified
type of epithelial tissue that is a single cell layer, thin, and easily penetrated. Often used for exchange and secretion
simple epithelial tissue
type of epithelial tissue that has multiple cell layers, thick and difficult to penetrate
Stratified
epithelial tissue for protection against abrasion
stratified
3 Types of Cell Shapes in Simple Epithelial Tissues
- Squamous
- Cuboidal
- Columnar
flat and thin cells that form skin and some exchange linings
squamous epithelial tissues
type of epithelial tissue cell that is more or less cubic, forms glandular linings and kidney tubules
cuboidal
epithelial tissues that are taller than they are wide and form lining of most of digestive tract
columnar
Cells are attached to what basement membrane?
proteinaceous
How are cells attached to the proteinaceous basement membrane?
- Tight junctions
- Adhesion junctions
- Gap junctions
What is another word for the proteinaceous basement membrane?
extracellular substance
secretory, unicellular or multicellular epithelial structures are called…
Glands
2 types of glands
Exocrine
Endocrine
Type of gland with a duct that empties onto an epithelial surface internally or externally
Exocrine
Type of epithelial gland that is ductless and secretes directly into blood and extracellular fluid, producing hormones
Endocrine
what lines body cavities and sheathing and suspending organs
Organismal membranes
Tissues that contribute to organismal membranes other than epithelia is…
- Mucous membrane
- Serous membrane
- Cutenous membrane
the acellular extracellular matrix in connective tissues is made up of…
a ground substance and fibres (collagen, elastin)
what forms the bulk of connective tissues?
matrix
Roles of connective tissues
- Structural (bones, cartilage)
- Transport (blood)
- Energy storage (fat)
Basic matrix of connective tissues is…
glycoprotein/carbohydrate complexes
type of connective tissue that has few fibres, loosely arranged packing and often found under skin and around organs
Loose connective tissue
fibres that are predominate in connective tissue matrix
dense regular connective tissue
types of connective tissue in tendons and ligaments
dense regular connective tissue
types of connective tissue in organs and joint capsules
dense irregular connective tissue
type of connective tissue in bladder
elastic connective tissue
tissue specialized for the storage of fats
adipose tissue
solid, pliable collagenous matrix with chondroblasts in small lacunae
Cartilage
connective tissue that has mineralized ground substance
bone
a large ground substance (water) component
blood
Blood and bone are both what type of tissue
connective
contractile cells used to move entire body
muscle tissues
tissue made of neurons and glial cells that generate and transmit action potentials
nervous tissue
name for a structure composed of two or more tissue types acting together to perform function
Organ
a group of organs with functions coordinated and integrated for a broad survival function
organ system
two major body cavities
Posterior and Anterior
which body cavity is composed of cranial cavity and vertebral canal, as well as overall central nervous system?
Posterior cavity
The posterior cavity is largely encased by….
bone
What is the anterior cavity composed of?
Thoracic, abdominal and pelvic cavities
three planes of symmetry
- Sagittal
- Frontal
- Transverse
4 Anatomical directions
- Superior/Inferior
- Anterior/Posterior
- Proximal/Distal
- Deep/Superficial
What does the midsagital plane cut through?
middle of front facing body, between eyebrows
Describe the inferior direction of the body
furthest from the head or toward lower part of structure
the plane that divides the top part of body and body is called
transverse
Where is the frontal plane?
Divides the front and back of human
to minimize the work that cells must do to maintain their own intracellular volumes and solute compositions, what must the the organism do?
maintain constancy in the solute composition and volume of the body’s extracellular fluid
what is another word for enzymes?
catalysts
proteins that make the reaction happen more quickly are called
enzymes
What are enzymes critical for?
metabolism
Enzyme shape is dependent upon…
temperature and ph
two types of feedback systems
positive and negative
2 components of feedback systems
controlled variable and sensor
term for any variable aspect of the internal environment which the body can manipulate
controlled variable
term for an organ which moniters a particular controlled variable
sensor
term for an organ which received input from the sensor, integrates it and compares it to a set point, then initiates action if necessary
control centre
term for organs which are stimulated by the control centre to take actions which alter the level of the controlled variable
effectors
type of feedback loop where all deviations from the norm trigger response that drive the system back toward the norm (the setpoint)
negative feedback loop
what types of feedback loops are homeostatic mechinisms?
negative
the controlled variabel in thermoregulation is
core body temperature
the sensor in thermoregulation is
small organs in skin and viscera
the control centre and setpoint for thermoregulation is
hypothalamus
the4 effectors in thermoregulation are
skeletal muscles, blood vessels, sweat glands and thyroid gland
type of feedback loop that is a deviation from the norm that triggers response that drives the system further away from the norm
positive feedback loop
types of processes positive feedback loops act for:
labour and blood clotting
