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Biology > The Respiratory System > Flashcards

The Respiratory System Flashcards

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1
Q

How do single cellular organisms take up oxygen?

A

Via diffusion. Cells have a large SA/V ratio and therefore the diffusion rate is high

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2
Q

How do humans (or other multi-cellular organisms) take up oxygen?

A

The outside of the body has a small SA/V ratio therefore, diffusion through body surface is not possible. As a result of this, gas exchange is used.

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3
Q

Gas Exchange (2 functions):

A
  • Uptake of oxygen (for respiration)

- Release of carbon dioxide (waste products)

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4
Q

How is the respiratory system adapted for efficent gas exchange: (3 adaptations)

A
  • Surface Area
  • Concentration Gradient
  • Diffusion Distance
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5
Q

How does surface area aid in efficent gas exchange?

A

The large SA/V ratio is due to alveoli having a bumpy shape. As of the folded shape and the quantity of alveoli, efficent gas exchange is possible

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6
Q

How does the concentration gradient aid in efficent gas exchange?

A

The concentration gradients allows for diffusion of carbon dioxide out and oxygen in. This keeps breathing and blood flow consistent

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7
Q

How does diffusion distance aid in efficent gas exchange?

A

The capillary wall is only one cell wall thick. As a result of the short distance, gas exchange is more efficent. The wall of alveoli too is only one cell wall thick.

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8
Q

Why is 21% of oxygen breathed in when only \ breathed out?

A

As oxygen has diffused from alveoli into blood

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9
Q

Why is 0.03% of carbon dioxide breathed in and 4% breathed out?

A

As carbon dioxide has diffused from blood into alveoli

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10
Q

What is 78% of Nitrogen breathed in and out?

A

As nitrogen is not used

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11
Q

Why is more water breathed out than in?

A

As water evaporated from alveoli surface

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12
Q

What is air breathed in variable whilst the air breathed out 37 degrees Celsius?

A

As heat is lost to the air form the lungs

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13
Q

Inhalation : Diaphragm

A

Contract - diaphragm flattens

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14
Q

Inhalation : External Intercoastal Muscles

A

Contracts - pulling ribs up and out

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15
Q

Inhalation : Rib cage

A

Moves out and upwards

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16
Q

Inhalation : Volume of chest cavity

A

Cavity increases

17
Q

Inhalation : Lungs

A

Expand

18
Q

Inhalation : Pressure

A

Lower pressur than outside body

19
Q

Inhalation : Air

A

Rushed into the lungs to equalise pressure

20
Q

Exhalation : Diaphragm

A

Relax - diaphragm becomes dome shaped

21
Q

Exhalation: External Intercoastal Muscles

A

Contracting pulling ribs down and in

22
Q

Exhalation: Volume of chest cavity

A

Shrinks (decrease)

23
Q

Exhalations: Lungs

A

Decrease

24
Q

Exhalation : Pressure in lungs

A

Higher pressure than the outside body

25
Q

Exhalation : Air

A

Flows out of the lungs due to the high pressure

26
Q

Tidal Volume:

A

Volume or air breathed in and out in a single breathe (approx. 0.5 litres)

27
Q

Inspiratiry Volume:

A

Additional volume of air taken in with the deepest breath possible (up to 2l)

28
Q

Expiration volume:

A

Additional volume of air that can be breathed out if we force it out (up to 1.5 litres)

29
Q

Residual volume:

A

Air remaining in lungs after a maximum exhalation (approx. 1.5 litres)

30
Q

Vital capacity:

A

The maximum volume of air that can be exhaled in one breath (4 litres)

31
Q

The effects of excercise on ventilation:

A

1) ventilation rate increases (i.e. you will breathe more quickly)
2) tidal volum increases (breathe more deeply)
3) muscle contract more, so they need more energy for respiration, which provides them with energy

31
Q

What is inside cigarettes?

A

Nicotine
Tar
Carbon monoxide
Other Products (e.g. cadmium, butane, methane, paint and etc.)

31
Q

Short-terms effects of cigarette ingredients inside body

A 
Smelly hair
Smelly breath
Less oxygen to brain and lungs 
Stained teeth and fingers 
More coughs + colds
32
Q

Long term effects of cigarette on the human body?

A 
Stroke
Gum disease and tooth loss
Mouth/throat/lung/stomach pancreatic cancer 
Heart disease/attack
Emphysema
Chronic bronchitis 
Decreased fertility 
Peripheral vascular disease
33
Q

Tar build up in lungs:

A

Emphysema - chemicals in tar damaged alveoli
Lung infections, bronchitis - cilia in bronchioles paralysed , build up of mucus, debris in lungs not removed and build up of bacteria

34
Q

Nicotine

A

Addictive substance in cigarettes - stimulates neurotransmitters in brain leading to more brain activity
Strokes and heart attacks - constricts arteries reducing blood flow, fat deposited in blood vessels and increases blood pressure

35
Q

Carbon monoxide

A

Tiredness, dizziness, increases heart rate - bunch irreversibly to haemoglobin and so reduced oxygen carrying ability of red blood cells
Reduced birth mass - foetus gets less oxygen

Biology (16 decks)

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