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Biology > The Menstrual Cycle > Flashcards

The Menstrual Cycle Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is a hormone?

A

It is a chemical messenger which travels in the bloodstream to activate target cells

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2
Q

Where are the hormones produced?

A

In the glands

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3
Q

How are they carried (endocrine)

A

In the bloodstream

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4
Q

What do hormones travel to?

A

Target cells

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5
Q

Endocrine system:

A

System of glands that produce hormones

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6
Q

Hormones found in pituitary glands:

A

FSH, LH and ADH

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7
Q

FSH:

A

Stimulates egg development and oestrogen secretion

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8
Q

LH:

A

Stimulate ovulation

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9
Q

ADH:

A

Controls water content of blood

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10
Q

What is found in the pancreas:

A

Insulin and glycogen

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11
Q

Insulin:

A

Lower blood glucose level

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12
Q

Glucogen:

A

Raises the blood glucose levels

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13
Q

What is found in the adrenal gland:

A

Adrenaline

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14
Q

Adrenaline:

A

Prepares body for physical activity

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15
Q

What hormones are found in the ovaries:

A

Oestrogen and Progesterone

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16
Q

Oestrogen:

A

Female secondary sexual characteristics

Repair of endometrium

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17
Q

Progesterone:

A

Growth of endometrium

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18
Q

What hormones are found in the testes:

A

Testosterone

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19
Q

Testosterone:

A

Male secondary sexual characteristics

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19
Q

Form of Messages (Nervous System):

A

Electrical Impulses

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20
Q

Form of Messages (Endocrine System):

A

Hormone (chemical)

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21
Q

How is it carried (Nervous System):

A

Via neurons

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22
Q

How is it carried (Endocrine system):

A

Via bloodstream

23
Q

Time it takes for th effect to happen (Nervous system):

A

Fast, usually an instant effect

24
Q

Time it takes for the effect to happen (Endocrine system):

A

Slow, usually takes a long time to effect

25
Q

Duration of effect (Nervous system):

A

Short lived

26
Q

Duration of effect (Endocrine system):

A

Long lasting

27
Q

Is the effect widespread or localised? (Nervous system):

A

Very individual (individual cells/muscle fibres)

28
Q

Is the effect widespread or localised? (Endocrine system):

A

Can be widespread (different organs)

29
Q

Ovary:

A

They release eggs once a month

30
Q

Oviduct:

A

(=fallopian tube) eggs pass along these tubes and fertilisation occurs here.

31
Q

Uterus:

A

(=womb) This is where the foetus develops

32
Q

Cervix:

A

This is the entrance to the womb

33
Q

Vagina:

A

This is where the sperm is received during intercourse and where babies pass through

34
Q

Day 1 to 5:

A

Menstrual flow

35
Q

Day 6 to 13:

A

Egg maturation and repair of endometrium in preparation for the fertilised egg

36
Q

Day 14:

A

Ovulation

37
Q

Day 15 to 17:

A

Fertilisation is possible and growth of endometrium

38
Q

Day 18 to 28

A

Without fertilisation the egg will die and The endometrium breaks down at the end of cycle

39
Q

Day 1 to 5 again:

A

Menstrual flow

40
Q

What is the endometrium:

A

Uterus lining, thick tissue with lots of blood vessels

41
Q

What is the function of the endometrium:

A

Provides nutrients and oxygen to the implanted embryo

42
Q

What is negative feedback:

A

When an effect is stopped by its own influence

43
Q

Example of Negative Feedback:

A

Futher oestrogen production is inhibited by oestrogen’s inhibitive effect on FSH

44
Q

Positive Feedback:

A

When an effect is enhanced by its own influence

45
Q

Example of positive feedback:

A

Futher osteogenesis production is enhanced by oestrogen’s stimulatory effect on LH

46
Q

Oral contraception contains:

A

Progesterone or oestrogen and progesterone

47
Q

Other hormone based contraception: im…

A

Implants

48
Q

How are implants used?

A

It is placed underneath the skin
For up to 3 years
Progesterone

49
Q

Positive of implant:

A

You don’t need to take it everyday

50
Q

Negatives of implant:

A

Insertion underneath skin

Irregular periods

51
Q

How is the patch used:

A

On skin
Every week for three weeks
Estrogen and progesterone

52
Q

Fertility treatment:

A

Infertility caused by low FSH level

Fertility drugs contain FSH or stimulate FSH production

53
Q

IVF:

A
  1. Fertility drugs are used to make lots of eggs mature at the same time
    1. Eggs are collected from the ovaries
    2. Egg and sperm are mixed in the petr dish
    3. Embryo develop in Petri dish
    4. Embryo are checked under microscope
    5. Several healthy embryo said are implanted into the uterus
54
Q

Hormone levels during pregnancy:

A

If an egg is not fertilised the corpus luteum does not break down so progesterone production continues.

Biology (16 decks)

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