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Biology > Plant Nutrition II > Flashcards

Plant Nutrition II Flashcards

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1
Q

Photosynthesis Equation:

A

carbon dioxide + water -> (+ light and chlorophyll) glucose + oxygen

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2
Q

During photosynthesis light energy is absorbed by …

A

a pigment called chlorophyll, which can be found in the chloroplast of plant cells.

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3
Q

The light energy absorbed by chlorophyll is then used to ….

A

convert water from the soil and carbon dioxide from the air into a simple sugar called glucose. As a by-product of photosynthesis oxygen is made.

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4
Q

The glucose made by photosynthesis is stored in plants in the form of ….

A

starch (and which is a large molecule made of thousands of glucose molecules)

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5
Q

The production of starch can be tested using

A

iodine solution, which turns from brown to blue/black

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6
Q

Testing for the requirement of light:

A

We can test for the requirement of light by covering part of the lead with foil of card. No light should be produced in this area and so this area will remain brown when tested with iodine.

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7
Q

Testing for the requirement of chlorophyll :

A

We can test for the requirement of light by using variegated leaves have no chlorophyll in the white areas. No chlorophyll should be produced in this area and so this area will remain brown when tested with iodine.

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8
Q

Testing for the production of oxygen :

A

We can test for the production of oxygen using a water plant such as elodea. As photosynthesis takes place oxygen gas becomes visible. These can be collected in a test tube and tested for oxygen with a glowing splint.

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9
Q

Testing for the requirement of carbon dioxide

A

We can test for the need for carbon dioxide using soda lime. This traps the carbon dioxide from the air so that it is no longer available for photosynthesis. Leaves in presence of soda lime, should not turn black when tested for starch using iodine.

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10
Q

Leaf Structure : Waxy Cuticle

A

• Waterproof
• Reduces water loss
Reduces infection by fungi and bacteria

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11
Q

Leaf Structure : Upper Epidermis

A

• Protection
• No chloroplast
Absorbs harmful light but allows light for photosynthesis to pass through

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12
Q

Leaf Structure : Palisade Cells

A
  • Tightly packed, elongated (long) cells
  • Lots of chloroplasts
  • Higher rate of photosynthesis
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13
Q

Leaf Structure : Spongy cells

A

• Loosely packed with air space between cells
• Some chloroplasts
Some photosynthesis

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14
Q

Leaf Structure : Air spaces

A
  • Between spongy cells

* Providing air channels through leaf allowing gas exchange

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15
Q

Leaf Structure : Xylem

A
  • Rigid vessels in lignin

* Carry water and minerals from roots to stem and leaves

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16
Q

Leaf Structure :Phloem

A
  • Vessels of living cells
  • Sieve tube cells form vessels
  • Carry dissolved sugar around plants to places where the glucose is used and stored as starch
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17
Q

Leaf Structure : Guard Cells

A
  • Guard cells change shape depending on the amount of water inside
  • Controls opening and closing of stomata (pores on the underside of leaves)
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18
Q

Leaf Structure : Stomata

A
  • Spaces between the guard

* Controls gad exchange (movement of oxygen and carbon dioxide)and water loss from leaf

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19
Q

How does the leaf import raw materials for photosynthesis (water and CO2 needed)

A

water and CO2 enters through stomata by diffusion

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20
Q

How does the leaf get rid of waste products?

A

stomata controls gas exchange

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21
Q

How does the leaf export sugar from photosynthesis to parts of plants that need them (glucose)?

A

phloem carries sucrose to rest of plant

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22
Q

Glucose Use:

A

Substrate for respiration

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23
Q

Glucose : Elements

A

C, H, O

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24
Q

Sucrose : Use

A

Main sugar carries in phloem, also in nectar

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25
Q

Sucrose : Elements

A

C, H, O

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26
Q

Starch : Use

A

Storage carbohydrate

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27
Q

Starch : Elements

A

C, H, O

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28
Q

Lipids : Use

A

Components of cell membranes + long-term energy store (seeds)

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29
Q

Lipids : Structure

A

C, H, O

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30
Q

Cellulose : Use

A

Components of cell walls

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31
Q

Cellulose : Structure

A

C, H, O

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32
Q

Amino Acids : Use

A

Components of proteins

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33
Q

Amino Acids : Structure

A

C, H, O, N

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34
Q

Nucleotides : Use

A

Components of DNA

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35
Q

Nucleotides : Structure

A

C, H, O, N, P

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36
Q

Chlorophyll : Use

A

Absorption of light in photosynthesis

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37
Q

Chlorophyll : Structure

A

C, H, O, Mg

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38
Q

Mineral required by plants : Nitrogen

A

Nitrogen is need for making amino acids. These contain the element: C, H, O and N. Plants need amino acids to make proteins, which are required for plants growth. If a plant lacks nitrogen, it’s growth is stunted. The plant may also have yellow leaves.

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39
Q

Mineral required by plants : Magnesium

A

Magnesium is needed for making chlorophyll. This plays an important part in trapping the light energy during photosynthesis. The colour of this pigment is green and so plants that lack magnesium have yellow leaves

40
Q

Mineral required by plants : Phosphorus

A

Phosphorus is needed for making ATP and DNA.
If a plant lacks phosphorus its growth is stunted similar to when it lacks nitrogen. The plant may also have a purple tinge.

41
Q

The rate of photosynthesis is affected by (5):

A
  • The concentration of CO2
  • The availability of water
  • The intensity + hours of sunlight
  • The temperature
42
Q

The rate of photosynthesis can be limited (reduced) (4):

A
  • The shortage of water
  • The shortage of CO2
  • The shortage of light
  • Low temperature
43
Q

Limiting Factor =

A

These factors are all needs for photosynthesis at the same time and so any one of them may be the factor that limits photosynthesis

44
Q

Limiting Factors - Increasing light intensity

A

At first, light is the limiting factor: increasing the light intensity increases the rate of photosynthesis. Later, e.g. carbon dioxide becomes the limiting factor, increasing the light intensity no longer increases the rate of photosynthesis because there is no longer enough carbon dioxide

45
Q

Limiting Factors - Increasing carbon dioxide concentration

A

Light, carbon dioxide will be the limiting factor: increasing the carbon dioxide increases the rate of photosynthesis. Later, e.g. Light becomes the limiting factor, increasing the carbon dioxide concentration no longer increases the rate of photosynthesis because there is no longer enough carbon dioxide

46
Q

Limiting Factors - Increasing the temperature

A

Increasing the temperature increase the rate of photosynthesis because there is more energy. When the temperature gets too high, the rate of photosynthesis decreases because enzymes involved in photosynthesis are denatured (above aporox. 40 degrees)

47
Q

All living things get the energy they need from respiration, which is the …

A

chemical reaction that release energy from glucose.

48
Q

Plant cells respire, just as …

A

animal cells do. If they stop respiring, they will die, because they won’t have sufficient energy to carry out essential cellular processes (e.g. making new molecules).

49
Q

Animals obtain the glucose needed for respiration through …

A

nutrition

50
Q

Plants, in contrast, can make glucose themselves in …

A

photosynthesis

51
Q

Some of the glucose produced in photosynthesis is used in …

A

respiration to release energy needed, e.g. plant growth

52
Q

Plants respire all the time, whether …

A

it is dark or light

53
Q

Plants only photosynthesise in ….

A

light

54
Q

In dark conditions …

A

respiration occurs yet photosynthesis doesn’t/ This means that, oxygen take in
carbon dioxide is released

55
Q

In bright light …

A

both respiration and photosynthesis occur but PS rate higher than respiration. This means that oxygen is released and carbon dioxide is taken in.

56
Q

In dim light …

A

respiration and some photosynthesis occurs. Therefore, PS rate equals rate of respiration. This means that oxygen intake = released and carbon dioxide intake = release

57
Q

Why does CO2 concentration in the air decreased between midnight and 6 am?

A

The sunlight is rising so light intensity is higher and therefore the rate of photosynthesis increases and more CO2 is taken in.

58
Q

Why does the CO2 concentration in the air decrease between 6am and noon?

A

The light intensity gets stronger so rate of photosynthesis goes up and more CO2 than in while rates of photosynthesis remain constant

59
Q

Why does the CO2 concentration in the air go up between noon and midnight?

A

Light intensity from sun decreases, rate of photosynthesis decreases, less CO2 is taken in the plant while rate of respiration remains constant.

60
Q

Why does the starch concentration in the plant decrease between 6pm and 6am?

A

As there is no sunlight, the plants photosynthesise so starch is broken down into glucose for respiration

61
Q

Why does the starch concentration in a plant rise between 6am and 6pm?

A

As there is sunlight, plants photosynthesise and glucose is converted into starch for energy storage

62
Q

Why does the starch concentration in the plant rise more rapidly around noon, but more slowly around 7am and 5pm?

A

Light intensity from sun is the strongest at moot, so the rate of intensity is faster.

63
Q

Transpiration : Step One

A

Uptake of water into roots

64
Q

Step One : Uptake of water into roots

A

Water is taken up into root hair cells by osmosis. Minerals are taken up into root hair cells by active transport. Root hair cells have many mitochondria to provide the energy for this

65
Q

Transpiration : Step Two

A

The transport of water by the xylem

66
Q

Step Two : The transport of water by the xylem

A

Water rises from the roots to the leaves through the xylem vessels by capillary action
Adhesion = water molecules are attracted to capillary wall
Cohesion = water molecules are attracted to each other

67
Q

Step Three :

A

The evaporation of water from the leaves

68
Q

The evaporation of water from the leaves :

A

Water molecules leave the xylem vessels in the leaf. Water molecules then diffuse through spongy cell layer in the air spaces. Water then evaporates through the stomata into surrounding air

69
Q

Transpiration =

A

evaporation of water through the stomata

70
Q

Function of open stomata:

A
  • Gas exchange (CO2 in, O2 out)

- The transpiration (water out)

71
Q

Transpiration stream =

A

uninterrupted stream of water which is taken up by the roots, via xylem to leaves, where it will evaporate

72
Q

Transpiration Stream : Positive

A

Water transport to leaves for photosynthesis

73
Q

Transpiration Stream : Negative

A

Water loss

74
Q

The control of transpiration by the stomata

A

Stoma open when water moves into guard cell vacuoles by osmosis

75
Q

Light Intensity : effect on transpiration

A

Increase

76
Q

Light Intensity : reason for increase in effect on transpiration:

A

More photosynthesis, stomata open

77
Q

Temperature : Effects on transpiration

A

Increase

78
Q

Temperature : reason for increase in effect on transpiration:

A

Evaporation increases

79
Q

Humidity : Effects on transpiration

A

Decrease

80
Q

Humidity : reason for decrease in effects on transpiration

A

Concentration gradient lower, less evaporation

81
Q

Wind Speed : Effect on Transpiration

A

Increase

82
Q

Wind Speed : reason for increase on effects on transpiration

A

Faster air movement removing water vapou

83
Q

How do plants prevent too much water loss

A
  • Closing of stomata
  • Having a waxy cuticles
  • Stoma only on the bottom of the leaf
  • Wilting reduces SA for water loss
84
Q

Measure transpiration :

A

A potometer is set up with freshly cut shoot placed in the open end of the tube. The rubber bung is made air tight using Vaseline to prevent evaporation from the potometer. As water moves up through the plant and evaporates via the stomata, the air bubbles moves along the scale giving a measure of water taken-in by the plant over time and hence the transpiration rate.

85
Q

Tropism =

A

the growth response of a plant to a directional stimulus

86
Q

Phototropism : Response to Shoots

A

Grows towards light source (positive phototropism)

87
Q

Phototropism : Response of Roots

A

Mostly none or away from light (negative phototropism)

88
Q

Geotropism : Response to Shoots

A

Grow away from direction of gravity

89
Q

Geotropism : Resonse in Roots

A

Grow towards direction of gravity

90
Q

Hydrotropism : Response to Shoots

A

None

91
Q

Hydrotropism : Response to Roots

A

Some grow towards direction of water

92
Q

Thigmotropism : Response of Shoots

A

Thigmotropism

Some grow towards and bend around support

93
Q

Thigmotropism : Response of Roots

A

Grow away from object

94
Q

Auxin =

A

hormone (plant growth substance) that is responsible to tropism

95
Q

Auxin :

A
  • Produced in the tip of shoot
  • Diffused from the tip to the shoot
  • Destroyed by light (accumulates on the shaded sides)
  • Accumulates on the shady side
  • Cause cell elongation which leads to bending of the shoot towards the light

Biology (16 decks)

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