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Biology > The Heart, Blood And Vessels > Flashcards

The Heart, Blood And Vessels Flashcards

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1
Q

Pulmonary Circulation :

A

transports blood to and from the lungs to exchange carbon dioxide and oxygen with air

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2
Q

Systemic Circulation:

A

transport blood to and from body to exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide with body cells

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3
Q

Stroke Volume =

A

Volume of blood pumped per beat

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4
Q

Effects on Heart Rate : Excercise

A
  • Muscles need more energy
    • Rate of respiration increases
    • More oxygen and glucose needed
    • Heart rate and force of beat
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5
Q

Effects on Heart Rate : Stress

A
  • “Fear or flight” response

* Adrenaline makes heart beat faster

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6
Q

Control of Heart Rate

A
  • Osmoreceptors in aorta sense carbon dioxide levels
    • Cardiac centre in medulla receives information via sensory nerve
    • Cardiac centre sends nerve impulses via accelerator or decelerator nerves (SAN)
    • Pacemakers increase or descrease heart rate - blood pressure increases or decresases
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7
Q

Effects of Adrenaline on Heart Rate : Coronary Heart Disease

A

Blockage of coronary artery
Blood supply to area of heart muscle cut off
Less oxygen and glucose reaches heart muscle
Area of heart muscle cannot respire
Hear attack (angina)

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8
Q

Some Risk Factors : Coronary Heart Disease

A 
Hereditary (genetics)
Diets of processed goods
High blood pressures
Smoking 
Stress
Lack of exercise
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9
Q

Effects of Smoking:

A

Damaged lining of arteries
Blood more likely to clot
Nicotine stimulates your body to produce adrenaline

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10
Q

Artery Function :

A

Take (oxygenated) blood away from heart to the body

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11
Q

Arteries Blood Pressure :

A

High

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12
Q

Arteries Blood :

A

Oxygenated, bright red

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13
Q

Arteries Structure :

A 
Thick, elastic muscular walls
Small lumen (central cavity)
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14
Q

Arteries valves :

A

No

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15
Q

Arteries Diameter :

A

Depends

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16
Q

Veins Function :

A

Bring (deoxygenated) blood to heart from body

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17
Q

Veins Blood Pressure :

A

Low

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18
Q

Veins Blood :

A

Deoxygenated, deep purple red

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19
Q

Veins Structure :

A
  • Thin wall with little elastic or muscle tissue

- Large lunes

20
Q

Veins Valves :

A

Yes

21
Q

Veins Diameter :

A

Varies

22
Q

Capillaries Function :

A

Small vessels between arteries and veins for exchange for oxygen, carbon dioxide and nutrients with cells

23
Q

Capillaries Blood Pressure :

A

Low

24
Q

Capillaries Blood :

A

Red to Deep red (the blood is getting deoxygenated)

25
Q

Capillaries Structure:

A
  • Thick wall (one layer of endothelial cells)

- Very small lumen (RBCs travel single file)

26
Q

Capillaries Valves :

A

No

27
Q

Capillaries Diameter :

A

8 - 10 um

28
Q

Veins have valves called ….

A

“watch pockets” valves which prevent the back flow of blood

29
Q

The liquid part of blood contains :

A
  • Water
    • Glucose
    • Amino acids
    • Mineral ions
    • Carbon Dioxide
    • Urea
30
Q

Types of Protein in Blood :

A
  • Antibodies
    • Hormones
    • Clotting factors
31
Q

White Blood Cells (Pathogens) :

A

Defence against disease

32
Q

Phagocytes :

A

Engulf (ingest) pathogens

33
Q

Lymphocytes:

A

Produce Antibodies

34
Q

Platelets :

A
  • = thrombocytes
    • Involved in blood clotting
    • Clumps together to form clots
    • Protects the body by stopping bleeding
35
Q

Red Blood Cells - Haemoglobin:

A

Absorbs oxygen in the lungs and releases oxygen in the rest of the body

36
Q

Red Blood Cells : No Nucleus

A

Increases the amount of space inside the cell for haemoglobin

37
Q

Red Blood Cells : Biconcave Shape

A

Increase SA and allows more oxygen to be absorbed efficiently over a short diffusion distance

38
Q

Red Blood Cells - Thin Membrane :

A

To let oxygen diffuse through easily over a short diffusion distance

39
Q

Symptoms of Sickle Cell Anaemia :

A
  • Episodes of pain
    • Swelling in their hands and feet
    • Vulnerability to infection
    • Limits movement of white blood cell
    • Tiredness and dizziness
40
Q

Symptoms of Iron Deficiency Anaemia :

A
  • Tiredness and lethargy
    • Shortness of breath
    • Heart palpitations
    • A pale complexion
    • Limit aerobic respiration
41
Q

Symptoms of Haemophilia:

A
  • Unexplained bruises
    • Able to form blood clots
    • Excessive blessings
42
Q

Symptoms of Leukaemia:

A
  • Cancer of bone marrow - too many white blood cells made
    • Weight loss
    • Persistent fatigue, fever and chill
    • Repeated infections
43
Q

Diastole :

A

Heart muscle relaxing
One of the set of valves are returning
Blood flows into atrium

44
Q

Atrium Systole :

A

The atrium valve closes

Atrium valve opens and blood blood flows into ventricle

45
Q

Ventricle Systole :

A

Ventricle contracts

Atrium valve contracts and blood flows out of the ventricle

Biology (16 decks)

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