The respiratory system Flashcards
Why do we need oxygen
Needed to get energy from food through aerobic cellular respiration
Explain what happens during aerobic cellular respiration
Energy is released in the cell when glucose and oxygen react to make carbon dioxide and water
How is this energy stored in our body
as ATP
What is gas exchange
Oxygen diffuses into body cells and carbon dioxide diffuses out of the body cells
What are the two places gas exchange happens
- The lungs
- The body cells
How does gas exchange happen in the lungs
Oxygen diffuses from the air into the blood and carbon dioxide diffuses from blood to the lungs and back into the air
How does gas exchange happen in the body cells
Oxygen diffuses from the blood into the cells and carbon dioxide diffuses from the cells back into the blood
What is ventilation
Process of moving oxygen rich air into the lungs and carbon dioxide rich air out of the lungs
What is ventilation also known as
Breathing
How many features does the respiratory system have to help it function
4
What are the 4 features our respiratory system has to help it function
- Thin permeable respiratory membrane where diffusion happens
- Large surface area
- Good supply of blood
- Breathing system to bring oxygen rich air to the respiratory membrane
If we are looking at the front view of someone INFRONT of us, are our right and left sides the same or different
different, it is on opposite sides
What is the nose and what does it do
-Has tiny hairs to trap dust particles
-Covered with mucus membranes to keep air warm and moist
-Have ciliated cells to move mucus to pharynx
What does the mouth do for the respiratory system
Warms the air
What does the pharynx do for the respiratory system
Connects nose to mouth
What does the epiglottis do for the respiratory system
-Closes trachea when swalowing so no choking
-Open when breathing
What is the larynx and what does it do for the respiratory system
-The voice box
-Vocal cords vibrate to make noise when exhaling
What is the trachea and what does it do for the respiratory system
-Lets air into the bronchi
-Made of cartilage so it doesnt collapse
-Trachea walls have mucus and cilia to protect from other materials
-Divides into 2 bronchi
What are the bronchi and what does it do for the respiratory system
-Passage of air to lungs
-Branch into bronchioles
What do the bronchioles do for the respiratory system
Pass air to the alveoli
What are alveoli and what do they do for the respiratory system
-Where gas exchange happens
-1 cell thick
-Capillaries for diffusion of O2 and CO2
-lined with lipoprotein so it doesnt collapse
What two muscles do we use to breath
Intercostal muscles and diaphragm
What is the intercostal muscle and what does it do to help us breath
-Muscle of the rib cage
-expand and contract the ribcage
What is the diaphragm and what does it do to help us breath
-A thin muscle seperating the lungs from stomach and liver
-Expand and contract the chest cavity
Which is greater: Oxygen in inhaled air or oxygen in blood
Oxygen in inhaled air
Which is greater: Carbon dioxide in air or carbon dioxide in blood
Carbon dioxide in blood
T or F: Air flows from high-low pressure
True
If air flows from HIGH to LOW pressure, oxygen diffuses from what to what?
From air to blood
If air flows from HIGH to LOW pressure, carbon dioxide diffuses from what to what
From blood to air
Explain what happens when we inhale
-Intercostal muscles contract
-Diaghragm contracts and moves down
-Lungs expand outwards
-Volume of chest cavity increases
-Air pressure decreases in cavity
-Air pressure in lung is less than outside
-Air enters lungs
Explain what happens when we exhale
-Intercostal muscles relax
-Diaphragm relaxes and moves up
-Lungs move inwards
-Volume of chest cavity decreases
-Air pressure increases
-Air pressure in lungs is more than outside
-Air is released from lungs
The greater the difference between high to low pressure, the __________ the rate of difussion
faster
How is oxygen carried through our blood stream
Hemoglobin and dissolved in plasma
how does oxygen get to the body cells
When air is breathed in, oxygen flows to the blood and is delivered to body cells through hemoglobin
How is carbon dioxide removed from the body cells
CO2 goes into blood, when exhaling it goes from blood to the alveoli
How do we transport carbon dioxide
Mostly by the CO2 reacting with the water in blood to make carbonic acid, making hydrogen and bicarbonate.
What is hypoxia
Altitude sickness
Why is it harder to breath at high altitudes than low altitudes
At high altitudes there is less total air and less oxygen to breath
What is our bodies response to high altitude breathing
-Increase breathing rate
-Make more red blood cells through EPO
-Short boost in physical endurance when return to low altitude
What are the genetic differences between people who are born/live in high altitudes compared to people in low altitudes
-High altitude people have more alveoli
-More lung capillaries
Why is high altitude breathing sometimes a good thing
-Good for athletes when training to improve performance
What happens to the rate of our breathing when we do physical activity?
Our breathing rate increases
Why does our breathing rate increase when doing physical activity? Explain the process
-physical activity makes our bodies make more CO2
-When we have more CO2 we need to get rid of it, so extra CO2 is sent to the medula oblongata
-Medula oblongata sends signals to increase breathing and inhale more
-Heart rate also increases so O2 can get to cells and CO2 can be removed
What is the medula oblongata
Part of the brain that sends signals to body
What in the blood vessels detect when oxygen drops below a specific number
Chemoreceptors
When chemoreceptors detect dropped oxygen levels, what does it do
It tells the medula oblongata to increase breathing
What in the alveoli detect deep inhalation
Stretch receptors
What do stretch receptors do when they detect deep inhalation
Tell the medula oblongata to stop inhaling
What organs does the upper respiratory tract disorders involve
Nasal cavity, pharynx and larynx
what respiratory disorder is it when there are red and swollen tonsils
tonsilitis
what respiratory disorder is it when you lose your voice
laryngitis
what respiratory disorder is it when there is inflammation and fluid build up in one or both lungs
pneumonia
What are the two types of pneumonia and explain what they are
- Lobular pneumonia- Only one lobe of the lungs is infected
- Bronchial pneumonia- Patches in both lungs have infections around the brochi and bronchioles
what respiratory disorder is it when the brochi become red, inflamed and filled with mucus
Bronchitis
What are the two types of bronchitis and explain them
- Acute bronchitis- Caused by bacteria infection, there is cure
- Chronic bronchitis- Long term caused by the destruction of cilia in the bronchi due to regular smoking or harsh chemicals
what respiratory disorder is it when the airways become narrow and airflow is reduced
Asthma
what respiratory disorder is it when it is harder for lungs to expel air
Emphysema
what respiratory disorder is it when it is a genetic disease that causes thick mucus build up resulting in damage
Cystic Fibrosis
what respiratory disorder is it when there is uncontrolled cell growth and division in the lungs making a tumour
Lung cancer
What is a possible treatment for lung cancer
Pneumonectomy
