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Biology grade 11 > Sexual reproduction and Meiosis > Flashcards

Sexual reproduction and Meiosis Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two processes of sexual reproduction

A

-Formation of gametes
-Fertilization of gametes to form zygote

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2
Q

What are gametes

A

Sex cells, sperm and eggs

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3
Q

What are zygotes

A

Cells made by fussion of sex cells

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4
Q

What are the reproductive organs in animals and what do they make

A

-Testes (Make sperm)
-Ovaries (Make ova)

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5
Q

What happens to the number of chromosomes when sperm and egg fuse

A

They become diploid, 46 chromosomes

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6
Q

What is meiosis

A

A 2 stage cell division where the resulting daughter cells have half the number of chromosomes

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7
Q

Why does meiosis result in half the number of chromosomes?

A

Because meiosis results in the making of gametes

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8
Q

How many chromosomes does mitosis end in and how many chromosomes does meiosis end with

A

Mitosis ends with 46 body cells
Meiosis ends with 23 sex cells

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9
Q

why are gametes called the haploid number?

A

Because they are half the number of chromosomes in the body cells

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10
Q

What are homologous chromosomes

A

-We recieve one from each parent
-carry information for the same genes
-Same size and shape unless X and Y chromosomes (determine the sex)

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11
Q

In mitosis there is one cell division, how many cell divisions does meiosis go through

A

2

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12
Q

How many daughter cells are produced at the end of meiosis

A

4 haploid cells

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13
Q

What are the two meiosis stages called

A

Meiosi 1 and meiosis 2

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14
Q

What are the phases in meiosis 1

A

Interphase, prophase 1, metaphase 1, anaphase 1 and telophase 1

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15
Q

What are the phases in meiosis 2

A

Prophase 2, metaphase 2, anaphase 2, telophase 2 and cytokenisis

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16
Q

What happens during interphase in meiosis

A

DNA is replicated to make a tetrad

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17
Q

What is a tetrad

A

A pair of homologous chromosomes (One from each parent)

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18
Q

What happens during Prophase 1

A

-Chromosomes shorten and thicken
-Genetic information “crosses over” from both homologous chromosomes
-Nuclear membrane dissolves
-Spindle fibres form and centrioles go to opposite sides

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19
Q

What happens in metaphase 1

A

-Spindle fibres attach to the centromeres of the chromosomes
-Line up in the middle of the cell

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20
Q

What happens in anaphase 1

A

-Spindle fibres pull tetrads apart
-Homologous pairs move to opposite sides

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21
Q

What happens in telophase 1

A

-The cell divides into two
-Spindle fibres disappear
-Nuclear membrane forms
-Each daughter nucleus gets 1 member of the og chromosome pair

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22
Q

What happens in prophase 2

A

-No DNA duplication
-Each cell has 46 chromosomes
-Spindle fibres form
-Nuclear membrane dissolves

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23
Q

What happens in metaphase 2

A

-Sister chromatids line up in the middle of the cell

24
Q

What happens in Anaphase 2

A

Sister chromatids seperate to opposite sides

25
Q

What happens in telophase 2

A

-Cell begins to pinch in
-Spindle fibres disappear
-Nuclear membrane reforms

26
Q

What happens in cytokenisis

A

Makes 4 cells, each have haploid number of chromosomes

27
Q

Why are humans so unique from one another

A

Because there are so many different possible combinations of chromosomes during meiosis

28
Q

What is gametogenesis

A

Production of gametes in animals

29
Q

What produces sperm in animals

A

Spermatogenesis

30
Q

What produces ova in animals

A

Oogenesis

31
Q

In spermatogenesis how many sperm cells do we get

A

4

32
Q

Are the sperm cells different or equal in size

A

Same size

33
Q

In Oogenesis, does cytoplasm divide equally

A

No, some cells get more cytoplasm than others

34
Q

What are cells that dont recieve enough cytoplasm during oognesis called and why

A

Polar bodies because they die

35
Q

How many ova is produced in oogenesis

A

1 ovum

36
Q

What are sex chromosomes

A

Chromosomes that are different in men and women of the same species

37
Q

What are the human sex chromosomes of women

A

XX

38
Q

What are the human sex chromosomes of men

A

XY

39
Q

If sex chromosomes are chromosomes, why are they not considered honologous pair?

A

Because Y is smaller than X

40
Q

Can something go wrong in meisis for the chromosomes to not seperate properly

A

Yes

41
Q

What is non disjunction

A

When homologous chromosomes fail go seperate during meiosis

42
Q

What happens when non disjunction happens

A

One cell has an extra chromosome or one cell is missing a chromosome (22 or 24 chromosomes)

43
Q

What happens if a gamete with 24 chromosomes combines with a gamete with normal 23 chromosomes

A

It will have 47 chromosomes, will lead to a genetic problem

44
Q

What is trisomy

A

When there are 3 homologous chromosomes instead of a pair

45
Q

What is monosomy

A

When there is 1 chromosome instead of a pair

46
Q

How do we diagnose non-disjunction

A

using a Karyotype

47
Q

What is a karyotype

A

A picture of all chromosomes organized by size, number and shape

48
Q

In karyotypes, humans have ___ pairs of autosomes and ___ pair of sex chromosomes

A

22 pairs of autosomes (body chromosomes)

ane 1 pair of sex chromosomes

49
Q

What disorder is it when there is only 1 X chromosome

A

Turner syndrome (affect women)

50
Q

What disorder is it when there are 2 X chromosomes and 1 Y chromosome

A

Klinefelter syndrome (Affect men)

51
Q

What disorder is it when there are 3 chromosomes in chromosome 13

A

Patau syndrome, trisomy of chromosome 13

52
Q

What disorder is it when there are 3 chromosomes in chromosome 18

A

Edwards syndrome, trisomy of chromosome 18

53
Q

What disorder is it when there are 3 chromosomes in chromosome 21

A

Down syndrome, trisomy of chromosome 21

54
Q

How does a daughter cell compare to the parent cell after meiosis

A

It is different than the parent

55
Q

What process in prophase 1 makes every gamete different

A

Crossing over

56
Q

Why does a chromosome have two sister chromatids

A

Because each chromosome was duplicated during S phase

Biology grade 11 (15 decks)

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