The digestive system

Question 1

As heterotrophs what CANT we create that we need to ingest in our food

Answer 1

Carbon

Question 2

What are the 3 reasons why our cells need nutrition

Answer 2

For 1. Growth
2. Repair
3. Maintenance

Question 3

What are the 3 functions of the digestive system

Answer 3

1. Break down food into nutrients
2. Body absorbs nutrients
3. Body transports nutrients through the circulatory system

Question 4

What are the four stages of digestion

Answer 4

1. Ingestion
2. Digestion
3. Absorption
4. Egestion

Question 5

Explain what happens in each stage of digestion

Answer 5

1. Ingestion- Eat/Drink
2. Digestion- Break down molecules
3. Absorption- Absorb digested molecules
4. Egestion- Remove waste through gastrointestinal tract

Question 6

What is the gastrointestinal tract

Answer 6

Tube from the mouth to the anus where the process of digestion takes place

Question 7

What are the two processes of digestion

Answer 7

Mechanical and chemical digestion

Question 8

What is mechanical digestion

Answer 8

Physical digestion

Question 9

What happens during mechanical digestion and where

Answer 9

-Large foods become smaller peaces
-Chewing of food into mouth
-Churning and mixing of food into stomach

Question 10

What happens during chemical digestion

Answer 10

-Digestive tract makes digestive enzymes
-Different enzymes break down macromolecules to small molecules that can be absorbed

Question 11

Where does digestion start

Answer 11

In the mouth

Question 12

How does digestion start in the mouth

Answer 12

-Food is broken down physically by teeth and tongue
-Food that has been chewed mixes with saliva, becoming a bolus
-Bolus is pushed into the pharynx
-Epiglottis covers trachea so food does not go into lungs

Question 13

What is saliva made up of and where is it released from

Answer 13

Water, mucus and enzymes released from saliva glands

Question 14

What is amylase

Answer 14

Enzyme in saliva that breaks down starch into simple sugars

Question 15

What is a bolous

Answer 15

Chewed up food mixed with saliva

Question 16

What is the esophagus

Answer 16

A muscular tube that passes food from the pharynx to the stomach

Question 17

What makes the food move towards the stomach in the esophagus

Answer 17

Muscle contractions called peristalsis

Question 18

What shape is the stomach

Answer 18

J shaped

Question 19

T or F: Does the stomach store food

Answer 19

Yes

Question 20

What is the stomach’s capacity

Answer 20

2L

Question 21

What does food enter and leave the stomach through

Answer 21

sphinctors

Question 22

What are sphinctors

Answer 22

Muscles that open and close

Question 23

When does the bolus enter the stomach

Answer 23

When the esophageal sphinctor relaxes

Question 24

What prevents food from moving back into the esophagus

Answer 24

The esophageal sphinctors contracting

Question 25

When the stomach releases gastrin, it stimulates the release of what?

Answer 25

The release of gastric juice

Question 26

What is gastric juice produced by

Answer 26

The cells in the stomach lining

Question 27

What is gastric juice a mixture of

Answer 27

-Hydrochloric acid -Pepsin -Mucus

Question 28

What does the hydrochloric acid do during digestion

Answer 28

Break down fibres and bacteria

Question 29

What does the mucus do during digestion

Answer 29

Protect the stomach lining from hydrochloric acid

Question 30

Why is it important that our stomach has mucus

Answer 30

Because the stomach lining can be destroyed by hydrochloric acid, causing ulcers

Question 31

What are the 2 main cells of the stomach

Answer 31

1. Pariental cells 2. Chief cells

Question 32

Where are pariental cells found

Answer 32

in the stomach glands

Question 33

What are pariental cells responsible for doing

Answer 33

Producing hydrochloric acid

Question 34

What are chief cells responsible for doing

Answer 34

Producing pepsin

Question 35

What does pepsin do

Answer 35

Breaks down large proteins into small proteins

Question 36

What is chyme a mixture of

Answer 36

Water, digested food and gastric juices

Question 37

Where does chyme travel to

Answer 37

From the stomach to the small intestine

Question 38

What does the stomach absorb

Answer 38

1. Water 2. Alcohol 3. Medications

Question 39

What causes acid reflux

Answer 39

When the gastroesophageal sphinctor does not close completely, stomach acid goes to the esophagus causinf burning in the throat

Question 40

Stomach acid can kill all bacteria except which bacteria

Answer 40

Helicobacter pylori

Question 41

What does the bacteria helicobacter pylori mean

Answer 41

This bacteria prevents mucus producing cells from making enough mucus to protect the stomach lining, causing stomach ulcers

Question 42

What are the 3 different parts of the small intestine

Answer 42

The deudenem, jejunum, and ileum

Question 43

What is the main function of the small intestine

Answer 43

To chemically complete digestion and begin absorption

Question 44

Where is the deudenum location on the small intestine

Answer 44

The first 25cm of the small intestine

Question 45

In the small intestine, where does the majority of digestion happen

Answer 45

The deudenum

Question 46

Secretions from ______ and _______ enter the deudenum via a duct

Answer 46

Pancreas and gallbladder

Question 47

What are the secretions the pancreas and gallbladder make that enters the deudenum

Answer 47

Maltase and peptidase

Question 48

What does maltase do in the deudenum

Answer 48

Breakdown carbohydrates

Question 49

What does peptidase do in the deudenum

Answer 49

Breakdown protein

Question 50

Most the absorption takes place in what locations in the small intestine

Answer 50

The jejenum and ileum

Question 51

What increases the surface area of the jejenum and ileum

Answer 51

The villi

Question 52

What are vili

Answer 52

Tiny hairs that line the inside of the small intestine

Question 53

What does the villi in the small intestine help with absorption of

Answer 53

simple carbs, fats and proteins

Question 54

What are the four functions of the liver

Answer 54

1. Synthesis 2. Breakdown 3. Detoxification 4. Storage

Question 55

What happens in the synthesis stage of the liver

Answer 55

-Makes bile that breaks down fats

Question 56

What happens in the detofixation stage of the liver

Answer 56

-Removes toxins from the body

Question 57

What are two toxins that are removed from the body during detoxification

Answer 57

Alcohol and chemicals

Question 58

What happens in the storage stage of the liver

Answer 58

Vitamins and carbs are stored in the liver

Question 59

What does the pancrease do to the pH of chyme

Answer 59

Increase it from 2.5-9

Question 60

Why does the pH of chyme increase due to the pancreas

Answer 60

Because of the sodium bicarbonate the pancreas makes

Question 61

In the large intestine, what is absorbed

Answer 61

Water, sodium and chlorine

Question 62

What vitamins are released in the large intestine

Answer 62

Vitamin k and B

Question 63

What is egestion

Answer 63

The removal of the indigestable parts of food

Question 64

What organ stores and releases waste

Answer 64

The rectum

Question 65

What component helps in the ejection of materials

Answer 65

Cellulose

Question 66

What happens if we do not have alot of cellulose in the body

Answer 66

Can lead to colon cancer

Question 67

What digestive disorder causes sores in the lining of the stomach

Answer 67

Peptic ulcers

Question 68

What digestive disorder causes causes stunted growth and thinner bones

Answer 68

Crohns disease

Question 69

What digestive disorder causes loosr and bloody stools

Answer 69

Ulcerative colitis

Question 70

What digestive disorder causes dry small and dificult go eliminate stools

Answer 70

Constipation

Question 71

What digestive disorder causes infection in the liver

Answer 71

Hepatitis

Question 72

How can you get all the diff types of hepatitis’s

Answer 72

Hep A: Contaminated water Hep B: Sexual contact Hep C: Contact with infected blood

Question 73

What digestive disorder causes a chronic disease where scar tissue replaces healthy liver tissue

Answer 73

Cirrhosis

Question 74

What digestive disorder causes a chronic disease where scar tissue replaces healthy liver tissue

Answer 74

Cirrhosis

Question 75

What digestive disorder causes small hard masses in the gall bladder

Answer 75

gallstones

Question 76

What is diabetes and how is it related to the digestive system

Answer 76

Diabetes is when the body cant absorb glucose from food to use as energy, so the pancreas releases insulin after we eat so the glucose can go into the somatic cells.

Question 77

What are the 3 types of diabetes

Answer 77

type 1, type 2, gastational

Question 78

What is type 1 diabetes

Answer 78

Cells that make insulin are destroyed by the immune system so our body cant get the insulin made by the pancreas

Question 79

What is type 2 diabetes

Answer 79

When the body does not make enough insulin or the body cant use the insulin we make

Question 80

What is gestational diabetes

Answer 80

Happens to pregnant women