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Biology grade 11 > The digestive system > Flashcards

The digestive system Flashcards

1
Q

As heterotrophs what CANT we create that we need to ingest in our food

A

Carbon

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2
Q

What are the 3 reasons why our cells need nutrition

A

For 1. Growth
2. Repair
3. Maintenance

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3
Q

What are the 3 functions of the digestive system

A
  1. Break down food into nutrients
  2. Body absorbs nutrients
  3. Body transports nutrients through the circulatory system
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4
Q

What are the four stages of digestion

A
  1. Ingestion
  2. Digestion
  3. Absorption
  4. Egestion
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5
Q

Explain what happens in each stage of digestion

A
  1. Ingestion- Eat/Drink
  2. Digestion- Break down molecules
  3. Absorption- Absorb digested molecules
  4. Egestion- Remove waste through gastrointestinal tract
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6
Q

What is the gastrointestinal tract

A

Tube from the mouth to the anus where the process of digestion takes place

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7
Q

What are the two processes of digestion

A

Mechanical and chemical digestion

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8
Q

What is mechanical digestion

A

Physical digestion

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9
Q

What happens during mechanical digestion and where

A

-Large foods become smaller peaces
-Chewing of food into mouth
-Churning and mixing of food into stomach

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10
Q

What happens during chemical digestion

A

-Digestive tract makes digestive enzymes
-Different enzymes break down macromolecules to small molecules that can be absorbed

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11
Q

Where does digestion start

A

In the mouth

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12
Q

How does digestion start in the mouth

A

-Food is broken down physically by teeth and tongue
-Food that has been chewed mixes with saliva, becoming a bolus
-Bolus is pushed into the pharynx
-Epiglottis covers trachea so food does not go into lungs

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13
Q

What is saliva made up of and where is it released from

A

Water, mucus and enzymes released from saliva glands

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14
Q

What is amylase

A

Enzyme in saliva that breaks down starch into simple sugars

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15
Q

What is a bolous

A

Chewed up food mixed with saliva

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16
Q

What is the esophagus

A

A muscular tube that passes food from the pharynx to the stomach

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17
Q

What makes the food move towards the stomach in the esophagus

A

Muscle contractions called peristalsis

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18
Q

What shape is the stomach

A

J shaped

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19
Q

T or F: Does the stomach store food

A

Yes

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20
Q

What is the stomach’s capacity

A

2L

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21
Q

What does food enter and leave the stomach through

A

sphinctors

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22
Q

What are sphinctors

A

Muscles that open and close

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23
Q

When does the bolus enter the stomach

A

When the esophageal sphinctor relaxes

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24
Q

What prevents food from moving back into the esophagus

A

The esophageal sphinctors contracting

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25
Q

When the stomach releases gastrin, it stimulates the release of what?

A

The release of gastric juice

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26
Q

What is gastric juice produced by

A

The cells in the stomach lining

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27
Q

What is gastric juice a mixture of

A

-Hydrochloric acid
-Pepsin
-Mucus

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28
Q

What does the hydrochloric acid do during digestion

A

Break down fibres and bacteria

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29
Q

What does the mucus do during digestion

A

Protect the stomach lining from hydrochloric acid

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30
Q

Why is it important that our stomach has mucus

A

Because the stomach lining can be destroyed by hydrochloric acid, causing ulcers

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31
Q

What are the 2 main cells of the stomach

A
  1. Pariental cells
  2. Chief cells
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32
Q

Where are pariental cells found

A

in the stomach glands

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33
Q

What are pariental cells responsible for doing

A

Producing hydrochloric acid

34
Q

What are chief cells responsible for doing

A

Producing pepsin

35
Q

What does pepsin do

A

Breaks down large proteins into small proteins

36
Q

What is chyme a mixture of

A

Water, digested food and gastric juices

37
Q

Where does chyme travel to

A

From the stomach to the small intestine

38
Q

What does the stomach absorb

A
  1. Water
  2. Alcohol
  3. Medications
39
Q

What causes acid reflux

A

When the gastroesophageal sphinctor does not close completely, stomach acid goes to the esophagus causinf burning in the throat

40
Q

Stomach acid can kill all bacteria except which bacteria

A

Helicobacter pylori

41
Q

What does the bacteria helicobacter pylori mean

A

This bacteria prevents mucus producing cells from making enough mucus to protect the stomach lining, causing stomach ulcers

42
Q

What are the 3 different parts of the small intestine

A

The deudenem, jejunum, and ileum

43
Q

What is the main function of the small intestine

A

To chemically complete digestion and begin absorption

44
Q

Where is the deudenum location on the small intestine

A

The first 25cm of the small intestine

45
Q

In the small intestine, where does the majority of digestion happen

A

The deudenum

46
Q

Secretions from ______ and _______ enter the deudenum via a duct

A

Pancreas and gallbladder

47
Q

What are the secretions the pancreas and gallbladder make that enters the deudenum

A

Maltase and peptidase

48
Q

What does maltase do in the deudenum

A

Breakdown carbohydrates

49
Q

What does peptidase do in the deudenum

A

Breakdown protein

50
Q

Most the absorption takes place in what locations in the small intestine

A

The jejenum and ileum

51
Q

What increases the surface area of the jejenum and ileum

A

The villi

52
Q

What are vili

A

Tiny hairs that line the inside of the small intestine

53
Q

What does the villi in the small intestine help with absorption of

A

simple carbs, fats and proteins

54
Q

What are the four functions of the liver

A
  1. Synthesis
  2. Breakdown
  3. Detoxification
  4. Storage
55
Q

What happens in the synthesis stage of the liver

A

-Makes bile that breaks down fats

56
Q

What happens in the detofixation stage of the liver

A

-Removes toxins from the body

57
Q

What are two toxins that are removed from the body during detoxification

A

Alcohol and chemicals

58
Q

What happens in the storage stage of the liver

A

Vitamins and carbs are stored in the liver

59
Q

What does the pancrease do to the pH of chyme

A

Increase it from 2.5-9

60
Q

Why does the pH of chyme increase due to the pancreas

A

Because of the sodium bicarbonate the pancreas makes

61
Q

In the large intestine, what is absorbed

A

Water, sodium and chlorine

62
Q

What vitamins are released in the large intestine

A

Vitamin k and B

63
Q

What is egestion

A

The removal of the indigestable parts of food

64
Q

What organ stores and releases waste

A

The rectum

65
Q

What component helps in the ejection of materials

A

Cellulose

66
Q

What happens if we do not have alot of cellulose in the body

A

Can lead to colon cancer

67
Q

What digestive disorder causes sores in the lining of the stomach

A

Peptic ulcers

68
Q

What digestive disorder causes causes stunted growth and thinner bones

A

Crohns disease

69
Q

What digestive disorder causes loosr and bloody stools

A

Ulcerative colitis

70
Q

What digestive disorder causes dry small and dificult go eliminate stools

A

Constipation

71
Q

What digestive disorder causes infection in the liver

A

Hepatitis

72
Q

How can you get all the diff types of hepatitis’s

A

Hep A: Contaminated water
Hep B: Sexual contact
Hep C: Contact with infected blood

73
Q

What digestive disorder causes a chronic disease where scar tissue replaces healthy liver tissue

A

Cirrhosis

74
Q

What digestive disorder causes a chronic disease where scar tissue replaces healthy liver tissue

A

Cirrhosis

75
Q

What digestive disorder causes small hard masses in the gall bladder

A

gallstones

76
Q

What is diabetes and how is it related to the digestive system

A

Diabetes is when the body cant absorb glucose from food to use as energy, so the pancreas releases insulin after we eat so the glucose can go into the somatic cells.

77
Q

What are the 3 types of diabetes

A

type 1, type 2, gastational

78
Q

What is type 1 diabetes

A

Cells that make insulin are destroyed by the immune system so our body cant get the insulin made by the pancreas

79
Q

What is type 2 diabetes

A

When the body does not make enough insulin or the body cant use the insulin we make

80
Q

What is gestational diabetes

A

Happens to pregnant women

Biology grade 11 (15 decks)

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