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Foundations of Healthcare Science > The Respiratory system > Flashcards

The Respiratory system Flashcards

Also includes definitions from ventilation.

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1
Q

What are the functions of the respiratory system?

A

-warming, humidification and filtering air
-sense of smell (olfaction)
-protection and defence (managing inner ear pressure, site of immune defence)
-speech (phonation)
-pulmonary ventilation
-maintains blood pH (regulate acid-base balance)
-endocrine functions
-gas exchange between lungs and blood
-gas exchange between blood and tissues

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2
Q

What are the parts in the upper respiratory tract (URT)?

A

The nose, pharynx and larynx (generally neck up).

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3
Q

What are the parts in the lower respiratory tract (LRT)?

A

The trachea, airways and lungs (generally diaphragm down).

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4
Q

Which diseases result of URT?

A

-common cold
-sinusitis
-tonsilitis
-laryngitis

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5
Q

Which diseases result of LRT?

A

-bronchitis
-bronchiolitis
-chest infection
-pneumonia

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6
Q

What is the structure and function of the nose?

A

only visible part of system, air enters nostrils to nasal cavity either side of septum.

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7
Q

What are the cavities lined with?

A

Highly vascular mucosal membrane (mucosa) made of ciliated columnar epithelial cells (hairs and these produce mucus).

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8
Q

What is the purpose of mucus?

A

This moistens the air and traps debris and bacteria. It also contains lysozyme, an antimicrobial enzyme (part of innate immune system).

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9
Q

How does the structure of the nose explain a runny nose?

A

When the cilia get cold, they don’t work as well.

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10
Q

How does the structure of the nose explain a sinus headache?

A

When the exit is blocked, pressure changes in the sinus.

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11
Q

How does the structure of the nose explain nose bleeds?

A

Highly vascular mucosa.

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12
Q

How does the structure of the nose explain poor sleep?

A

A deviated septum can cause breathing problems- most people alternate between a dominant nostril when breathing.

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13
Q

Where is the pharynx found?

A

From the back of nasal cavity, down back of mouth, past entrance to larynx, becomes oesophagus.

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14
Q

What is the purpose of the nasopharynx?

A

Balances air pressure either side of the ear drum (tympanic membrane).

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15
Q

What can cause a URT infection?

A

Bad mouth care as it can cause the oropharynx to become inflamed.

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16
Q

What is the purpose of the pharynx?

A

-passageway for food and fluids
-warms and humidifies air
-hearing
-protection (lymphoid tissue)
-speech

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17
Q

What is the function of the epiglottis (larynx)?

A

This protects the lung by closing as part of swallow when conscious (stops food going into airway).

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18
Q

What is the thyroid cartilage?

A

Also known as Adams apple, forms framework for vocal chords.

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19
Q

What is the purpose of the c-shaped cartilage rings around the trachea?

A

They help keep the airway open so it doesn’t collapse.

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20
Q

What are the 2 phases of mucus?

A

The gel and sol phase.

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21
Q

What is the function of macrophages?

A

These ingest ‘bad stuff’ and fight infection.

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22
Q

What produces mucous?

A

Goblet cells and mucous glands.

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23
Q

What is the mucocillary escalator?

A

This is the idea that mucus is moved by cilia up so it can be coughed out or swallowed.

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24
Q

What is a tracheostomy?

A

‘hole in body’, treats airway obstruction, temporary.

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25
Q

What is a laryngectomy?

A

Removal of larynx, used to treat cancer, permanent and irreversible.

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26
Q

How many lobes in the right lung?

A

3

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27
Q

How many lobes in the left lung?

A

2

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28
Q

Where is the apex (top) of the lungs?

A

Rises above the clavicle.

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29
Q

Where is the base of the lungs?

A

Surface of the diaphragm.

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30
Q

What is the serous?

A

This secretes serum- pleural fluid.

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31
Q

What is the purpose of pleural fluid?

A

This creates surface tension- lungs expand when ribcage and diaphragm expand.

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32
Q

What is the visceral pleura?

A

This is the inside edge against lungs.

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33
Q

What is the parietal pleura?

A

This is the outside edge against the ribs and diaphragm.

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34
Q

What is the pleural cavity?

A

This is the potential space with very little fluid.
If blood or fluid produced and in cavity- potential space becomes real space.

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35
Q

What is the order of bifurcation in the airways?

A

Trachea-> left and right primary bronchus-> lobar and segmental bronchus-> bronchioles-> terminal bronchioles-> alveolar ducts and sacs.

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36
Q

What are bronchioles?

A

Narrower air tubes- cartilage is replaced with spirals of smooth muscle.
Site of bronchoconstriction.

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37
Q

What cell type is in alveoli?

A

Single layer of squamous epithelium

38
Q

What tissue type is in alveoli?

A

Loose, elastic, connective tissue (fibroblasts)
-contains macrophages, nerves, blood and lymph vessels

39
Q

What is the respiratory membrane?

A

This is the fused wall of alveoli and wall of capillary (2 layers of very thin walls where O2 in and CO2 out).

40
Q

What is surfactant?

A

This is a detergent like compound that creates a film, it decreases the surface tension of fluid (easier to inflate lungs) and prevents alveoli from collapsing.

41
Q

What is surfactant produced by?

A

Septal cells.

42
Q

What are the external intercostal muscles used for (breathing)?

A

Used for relaxed and forced inhalation.

43
Q

What are the internal intercostal muscles used for (breathing)?

A

Used for forced exhalation (pushing out as much air as possible).

44
Q

What happens to the diaphragm during contraction?

A

Increased the volume inside the thorax.

45
Q

What happens to the diaphragm during relaxation?

A

Decreased volume inside the thorax.

46
Q

What is Boyle’s Law?

A

Pressure is inversely proportional to volume (as pressure increases, volume decreases).
Air flows down pressure gradient.

47
Q

What is the relevance of Boyle’s Law during breathing?

A

-after breathing in, the alveolar and intrapleural pressure drops (atmos. stays the same so air moves from high to low pressure into lungs)
-pressure has dropped so pulled lungs to inflation (volume increases)
-alveolar and intrapleural pressure both increased above atmospheric. pressure, air moves out during expiration.

48
Q

Why is an inspiration an active process?

A

It requires energy.

49
Q

Why is expiration a passive process?

A

It doesn’t require energy.

50
Q

What disorders can cause trouble with inspiration?

A

Restrictive disorders such as pulmonary fibrosis.

51
Q

What disorders can cause trouble with expiration?

A

Obstructive disorders such as emphysema.

52
Q

What is elasticity in breathing?

A

The lungs ability to return to shape after inspiration (due to connective tissue).

53
Q

What happens with loss of connective tissue (elasticity)?

A

This results in disease (emphysema) and forced expiration which requires energy.

54
Q

What is compliance in breathing?

A

This is effort required to inflate alveoli- very little effort for breathing.
There is less compliance when insufficient surfactant.

55
Q

What is airway resistance in breathing?

A

If there is more resistance, more effort required to inhale and exhale (bronchoconstriction or increased mucus)

56
Q

When are accessory muscles used?

A

When people have conditions that require forced breathing.

57
Q

Which muscles are used for forced inhalation?

A

Neck muscles (scalenes, sternocleidomastoids) are used to help lift the ribcage for forced inhalation.
Chest muscles (pectorals major and minor) and spinal muscles.

58
Q

Which muscles are used for forced exhalation?

A

Transverse abdominals, rectus abdominis, latissimus dorsi- used to push air out of the lungs to decrease the volume in the lungs.

59
Q

What is the definition of tidal volume (TV)?

A

Amount of air inhaled or exhaled with each breath under resting conditions.

60
Q

What is the definition of inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)?

A

Amount of air that can be forcefully inhaled after a normal tidal volume inspiration.

61
Q

What is the definition of expiratory reserve volume (ERV)?

A

Amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled after a normal tidal volume expiration.

62
Q

What is the definition of residual volume (RV)?

A

Amount of air remaining in the lungs after a forced expiration.

63
Q

What happens when sections of the lung aren’t required for respiration?

A

They shut down- alveoli branches constrict air blow and capillary beds constrict blood flow.

64
Q

Where does gaseous exchange occur?

A

Between alveoli and capillaries AND between capillaries and tissues.

65
Q

What is Dalton’s law?

A

In a mix of non- reacting gases, total pressure is the sum of the partial pressures of each gas in the mix.

66
Q

What happens if the partial pressure moves too far out of range of oxygen and CO2?

A

The Autonomic nervous system increases the rate and depth of respiration.

67
Q

What is the process of gas exchange in the alveoli?

A

-Deoxy blood arrives from pulmonary artery (away form heart)
-CO2 moves into alveoli as high to low conc.
-O2 moves into capillary as conc low inside the capillary
-now becomes oxygenated blood.

68
Q

What is the process of gas exchange in the tissues?

A

-start with oxygenated blood
-O2 therefore moves into tissue as high to low
-CO2 moves into blood (high to low)
-now deoxygenated blood.

69
Q

What is the definition of ventilation for respiration?

A

This is the air that reaches the alveoli.

70
Q

What is the definition of perfusion for respiration?

A

This is the blood that surrounds alveoli in capillaries.

71
Q

What is the ratio V/Q?

A

This is the measure of ventilation- perfusion coupling (how well they are matched- efficient system).

72
Q

What happens if there is poor ventilation in blood vessels?

A

Blood vessels constrict to redirect the blood (if we don’t need it there).

73
Q

What happens if there is good ventilation in blood vessels?

A

Blood vessel dilate to accept more blood (make good use of space)
Good ventilation if lots of air moving in and out.

74
Q

What happens if there is poor ventilation in bronchioles?

A

Bronchioles constrict to enable redirection of airflow (to increase efficiency).

75
Q

What happens if there is good ventilation in bronchioles?

A

Bronchioles dilate to accept more air (make best use).

76
Q

What happens if there is a rise in CO2 in regards to Hb?

A

An increase in PCO2 causes an increase in H+ ions and lower pH
This results in release of O2 from Hb.

77
Q

How many molecules does Hb carry?

A

Carries 4 O2 molecules.
2 leave easily but the other 2 need a stronger drive (H+ and PCO2).

78
Q

Why does H+ ions increase when PCO2 increase?

A

Carbon dioxide and water produces carbonic acid (H2CO3) which dissociated to form H+ and HCO3-.

79
Q

What is respiratory rate (RR)?

A

This is the number of breaths taken per minute. (children have a faster one and exercise, emotion and injury can affect).

80
Q

What is minute ventilation (VE)?

A

The total volume of air which the lung exchanges with the outside.

81
Q

How do you calculate minute ventilation?

A

VE = VT x RR.

82
Q

What is dead space ventilation?

A

Some air inspired remains in the conducting airways and never reaches the gas exchange areas.

83
Q

What is alveolar ventilation?

A

The volume of air which reaches the gas exchange regions.

84
Q

What are the 2 types of dead space?

A

Anatomic (air remaining in conductive airways) and alveolar (air in alveoli that is poorly perfused).

85
Q

What is the total dead space known as?

A

The physiological dead space.

86
Q

How do you calculate alveolar ventilation (VA)?

A

VA= (VT- VD)x RR
tidal volume- physiological dead space times resp rate.

87
Q

What is hypoventilation?

A

Reduction in ventilation which would result in hypercapnia (high CO2), pH blood would drop.

88
Q

What is hyperventilation?

A

Ventilation increases (CO2 levels decrease- hypocapnia), blood pH will increase.

89
Q

What is pulmonary ventilation?

A

This is air moving in and out of the lungs (breathing). This allows for gaseous exchange and for air to move in and out, intrapulmonary pressures have to change (Boyle’s Law).

90
Q

Is the lung pressure high or low during inhalation?

A

Low

91
Q

Is lung pressure high or low during exhalation?

A

High

92
Q

Why is lung pressure low during inhalation?

A

Pressure moves from high to low (air moves into lungs as atmospheric pressure higher than in the lungs).

Foundations of Healthcare Science (18 decks)

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