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Foundations of Healthcare Science > The Digestive System > Flashcards

The Digestive System Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the function of the digestive system?

A

Breakdown food to a useful form that can be absorbed and used by cells.

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2
Q

What are the two ways this useful food is used?

A

-creation of energy (respiration, catabolism, produce ATP)
-repairing (building blocks, anabolism)

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3
Q

What are the two types of breaking down food?

A

-mechanical
-chemical

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4
Q

How is mechanical breakdown done?

A

Mastication/ churning.

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5
Q

How is chemical breakdown done?

A

Acids, surfactants and enzymes.

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6
Q

What is an example of a surfactant?

A

Bile- able to emulsify fats (otherwise dont mix with watery content).

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7
Q

What are the two features of the digestive system?

A

-The alimentary cancel (all the way through from mouth to anus)
-The accessory muscles (gallbladder, liver and pancreas).

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8
Q

What are the digestive system processes?

A

-ingestion
-propulsion
-digestion
-absorption
-defecation

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9
Q

What are the 4 layers of the GI tract wall?

A

Serosa, muscularis, submucosa, mucosa.

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10
Q

What are the features of the serosa?

A

Bounding layer, encloses tube of gut, forms sheet like tissue to keep tube of gut located, squamous epithelial.

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11
Q

What are the features of the muscularis?

A

Contains longitudinal muscle (responsible for moving food through the gut- peristalsis) and circular muscle.

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12
Q

What are the features of the submucosa?

A

Filled with rich blood and nerve supply, lots of digestive glands that produce mucous, areolar connective tissue (lots of elastin which allows gut to expand and contract back to normal shape).

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13
Q

What are the features of the mucosa?

A

This is the final epithelium that lines the lumen (columnar epithelium secrete mucous that absorbs nutrients), contains capillaries and lymphoid tissue.
Lamina propria also is areolar connective so allows to expand and contract.

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14
Q

What are mesenteries?

A

Sheet of tissue that is in serosa (holds it in place).

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15
Q

What is peristalsis?

A

Muscles contracting to squeeze food down stomach.

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16
Q

Why doesn’t peristalsis happen in the top 1/3 of the oesophagus?

A

The top 1/3 is made of skeletal muscle (so voluntary and under conscious control).

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17
Q

Where does peristalsis happen?

A

In lower 2/3 of oesophagus (enteric nervous system)- this system allows the muscles to contract along the length and squeeze food down to the stomach.

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18
Q

What are the 2 enteric nerve plexuses?

A

-Myenteric
-Submucosal

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19
Q

What does the myenteric plexus do?

A

Motor- controls outer muscular layer (sympathetic so shuts down digestive and parasympathetic so rest and digest).

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20
Q

What does the submucosal plexus do?

A

Secretomotor- only links to parasympathetic, helps control muscle but also controls secretion from secretory glands.

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21
Q

What are the features of the oesophagus?

A

-takes food from oropharynx to stomach
-muscosa subject to friction
-thick protective stratified squamous epithelium (slough off lining cells).

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22
Q

What is the passage of food facilitated by?

A

-flattening of mucosal folds
-mucous glands
-loose and elastic submucosa (flexible).

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23
Q

What type of muscle is in the top 1/3 of the oesophagus?

A

Skeletal muscle (swallowing- voluntary).

24
Q

What type of muscle is in the lower 2/3 of the oesophagus?

A

Smooth muscle (under control of enteric NS).

25
Q

What is the extra layer of muscularis called in the stomach?

A

Oblique muscle.

26
Q

What is the function of the oblique muscle?

A

Can mash and wring contents of chyme- in presence of HCl.

27
Q

What does the mucosa secrete in the stomach?

A

-HCl (acidic)
-Pepsin (enzyme to digest protein)
-Mucus (protect lining of stomach against HCl).

28
Q

What is the ‘cardia’ muscle part in the stomach?

A

Quite close to heart- lined with more mucus glands (protects from acid).

29
Q

What kind of cells are in the stomach lining?

A

Simple columnar epithelial.

30
Q

What are gastric pits?

A

Sort of holes in the stomach lining that lead down to gastric glands.

31
Q

What is the function of surface mucous cells in gastric pits?

A

Produce alkaline mucous to protect cells and gastric pits from HCl.

32
Q

What is the function of mucous neck cells in gastric pits?

A

These secrete acidic mucous that activate the enzymes the leave the gastric glands.

33
Q

What is the function of parietal cells in gastric gland?

A

Secrete HCl and intrinsic factor (helps with absorption of B12).
Breaks down food and kills bacteria.

34
Q

What is the function of chief cells in gastric gland?

A

Secrete pepsinogen (precursor to pepsin).

35
Q

Why do we not want pepsin in our glands?

A

Pepsin would start digesting the gland (pepsinogen inactive).

36
Q

What is the function of G cells in gastric gland?

A

Secrete gastrin- activate chief cells.

37
Q

What are the functions of the small intestine?

A

-glands secete intestinal juice
-completes chemical digestion
-absorption of nutrients

38
Q

Which part of small intestine are most nutrients absorbed?

A

Jejunum.

39
Q

How is the surface area of the small intestine increased?

A

Lots of folds, villi and microvilli.

40
Q

What is a lacteal?

A

Specialised lymphatic vessel in villi.

41
Q

What does a lacteal carry?

A

Chyle- milky because of fatty acids carried in fluid.

42
Q

What do goblet cells do in small intestine?

A

Produce mucous.

43
Q

What do paneth cells do in small intestine?

A

Able to destroy bacteria (lysozyme).

44
Q

What do secretory cells do in small intestine?

A

Have intestinal juices so water down the chyme- can solubilise nutrients.

45
Q

What do enteroendocrine cells do in small intestine?

A

Secretin- inhibits stomach acid secretion, allow emptying of stomach (until food has moved out of the intestine).
CCK

46
Q

What are the specialisations in the duodenum?

A

-secrete alkaline mucous (neutralise chyme and protect mucosa)
-CCK production (stimulates gallbladder to release bile and stimulates pancreas secretions).
-lots of Brunners glands

47
Q

What are the specialisations in the jejunum?

A

-main absorptive region
-very few Brunners glands (pH is neutral to alkaline)
-mucosal folds for rapid absorption
-longest villi

48
Q

What are the specialisations of the ileum?

A

-Peyers patches (domes of lymphatic tissue) for immune surveillance so can respond to challenges.

49
Q

What is the teniae coli in the colon?

A

Bands of longitudinal smooth muscle (pull tube of large intestine in sacs- haustra).

50
Q

What is the function of the colon?

A

Absorb salt and water- preparing chyme to be deposited out of the body.

51
Q

What are features of the colon?

A

-thick mucosa (simple columnar epithelium)
-many crypts (goblet and absorptive cells)
-no folds or villi

52
Q

What kind of cells are in the anal canal?

A

Stratified squamous.

53
Q

What is the function of the rectal valve?

A

Help us hold weight of faeces in rectum and also sensory (so we know when solid or gas).

54
Q

What is the internal anal sphincter?

A

Involuntary, smooth muscle.

55
Q

What is the external anal sphincter?

A

Skeletal muscle (under conscious control).

56
Q
A

Foundations of Healthcare Science (20 decks)

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