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Foundations of Healthcare Science > The Nervous System > Flashcards

The Nervous System Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the 3 types of neuron in this system?

A

Sensory, interneuron and motor.

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2
Q

What does the sensory neuron do?

A

Determine what you see (eg seeing a glass).

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3
Q

What does the interneuron do?

A

Associated with the CNS- processing.

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4
Q

What does the motor neuron do?

A

Determine the behaviour- drink the water.

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5
Q

What does the cerebellum do?

A

Controls the movement of the body.

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6
Q

What gives the brain its complexity?

A

The super massive connectivity.

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7
Q

What are the parts in an average nerve cell?

A

The cell body (soma), dendrites, axon hillock, axon, terminal branches.

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8
Q

What do the dendrites do?

A

These are the short extensions and the parts that receive the cell information.

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9
Q

What does the axon hillock do?

A

This sends a wave of electrical activity from the soma down the axon.

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10
Q

What do the terminal branches do?

A

This is what makes connections to other cells (muscle, nerve, motor neurons).

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11
Q

Why are neurons physiologically demanding?

A

They need a specific chemical environment to be able to live.

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12
Q

What are the functions of neurons?

A

-supply nutrients
-support and guide neuronal development
-stabilise neuronal networks
-improve communication speeds
-provide immunological defence

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13
Q

What are the anatomical divisions of the nervous system?

A

-The Central Nervous System (brain and spinal cord)
-The Peripheral Nervous System (cranial nerves and spinal nerves).

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14
Q

What do cranial nerves control?

A

Internal organs, from the brain stem.

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15
Q

What do spinal nerves control?

A

Sensory and motor function.

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16
Q

What are ganglia?

A

These are relay stations for information (collection of nerve cells).

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17
Q

What are the functional divisions of the nervous system?

A

-The Somatic nervous system (voluntary)
-The Autonomic nervous system (involuntary).

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18
Q

What are some examples of what the somatic NS control?

A

Sensory pathways- if you clap your hands, you feel your fingers hit your hand.

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19
Q

What are some examples of what the autonomic NS control?

A

Things that are automatic- O2 content, pH, temp, blood pressure. It is linked to homeostasis- maintaining an ideal level.

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20
Q

Are sensory PNS afferent or efferent?

A

Afferent as going towards to the CNS.

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21
Q

What do the somatic motor pathways control?

A

Skeletal muscle.

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22
Q

What do the autonomic motor pathways control?

A

Smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, adipose tissue (neuronal control).

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23
Q

Are motor PNS afferent or efferent?

A

Efferent as going away from the CNS.

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24
Q

What are the effectors?

A

Things such as muscles that actually do the work (movement).

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25
Q

What are the meninges?

A

These are a series of membranous layers that have nutritive and protective roles.

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26
Q

Where are the meninges located?

A

Brain and spinal cord (to protect them).

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27
Q

What is the order of the layers of meninges (inner to outer)?

A

Pia mater, arachnoid mater, dura mater.

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28
Q

What is the Pia mater?

A

-Soft mother
-soft, nutritive layer that supports the tissue of the brain.
-highly vascularised, hugs the surface of the brain.

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29
Q

What is the arachnoid layer?

A

-Firmer than the Pia mater
-Has spidery extensions that extend down to create subarachnoid space filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
-cerebral arteries and veins, arachnoid trabeculae

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30
Q

What is the dura layer?

A

-tough layer
-really bonded to the inside of the skull
-in 2 layers (meningeal and periosteal).

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31
Q

What are ventricles in the brain filled with?

A

CSF.

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32
Q

What are arachnoid granulations?

A

These are like pressure release valves- release the excess of CSF into venous sinus.

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33
Q

Where is CSF produced?

A

The choroid plexus.

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34
Q

What is the role of CSF?

A

-cushioning- protection from trauma
-nutritive (glucose)
-removal of metabolites (urea)
-provides stable ionic environ. (NA+, K+).

35
Q

Where are there folds in the brain?

A

There are so many brain cells in humans (need to all fit)- chicken brains are smooth.

36
Q

What is a gyrus?

A

This is a ridge on the surface of the brain.

37
Q

What is a sulcus?

A

These are trenches between the gyri (shallow groove).

38
Q

What is a fissure on the brain?

A

This is a deep sulcus (deeper groove).

39
Q

What is in grey matter in the brain?

A

Comprised of neurons, glial cells, blood fibres.

40
Q

What is in white matter in the brain?

A

Mainly made up of axons- myosin sheaths cause it to be white.
-fibre tracts, connects different areas of the brain, have both afferent and efferent pathways.

41
Q

What is the corpus collosum fibre pathway?

A

Connects the left and right hemispheres.

42
Q

What is the internal capsule fibre pathway?

A

Connects higher cortical areas to lower/ spinal cord.

43
Q

What is the association fibres pathway?

A

Connects cortical areas in the same hemisphere.

44
Q

What happens when the corpus collosum is cut during surgery?

A

One side of the brain doesnt know what the other side is doing (can’t coordinate).

45
Q

What does the frontal lobe control?

A

Planning, emotion, mood, behaviour, motor function, smell.

46
Q

What does the parietal lobe control?

A

Touch, pain, temperature, sensation (sensory).

47
Q

What does the occipital lobe control?

A

Vision.

48
Q

What does the temporal lobe control?

A

Hearing, language, memory.

49
Q

What does the cerebellum control?

A

Balance, coordination.

50
Q

What is the insula?

A

This is a part of the brain under the frontal and temporal lobe.

51
Q

What are the functions of the insula?

A

Conscious awareness (pain perception)
-gustation (taste)
-cognitive emotional processing
-audio-visual processing
-interoception (monitoring inside the body)
-homeostatic error detection.

52
Q

What does the sensory cortex do?

A

Post central gyrus.
input from skin and proprioceptors (where body is in space), spatial discrimination (how far apart, where things are on body).

53
Q

What does the motor cortex do?

A

Pre central gyrus.
motor control of skeletal muscle, motor planning, when activated- individual muscles twitch.

54
Q

What does the visual cortex do?

A

This maps visual input, visual recognition.

55
Q

What does the auditory cortex do?

A

Pitch, loudness, location, auditory memory and sound recognition.

56
Q

What does the Wernicke’s area do?

A

Only on the left side of the brain.
-recognition of words, association with meanings, context.

57
Q

What does the Broca’s area do?

A

Only on the left side of the brain.
-motor control of speech, speech planning, language output (allows you to read out words).
-damage- stutter/ problem forming words.

58
Q

What is the language loop model?

A

This is the order of areas that allow to read out loud for example.
Visual cortex- receive visual words on page=> Wernicke’s- understand meaning/ context of words=> Broca’s area- say wha you need to say.

59
Q

What is somatotophy?

A

The body maps onto the brain surface.

60
Q

What is the reticular formation?

A

This is collection of nerve cells and fibres in the central part of the brain stem.

61
Q

What are the functions of the reticular formation?

A

-filtering
-control of sleep and consciousness
-modulation of pain
-regulation of CV and resp systems
-somatic motor control (face and head via cranial nerves).

62
Q

What does the brainstem contain?

A

-medulla, pons and midbrain
-ascending and descending nerve tracts
-origin of cranial nerves
-reticular formation

63
Q

What are the functions of the cerebellum?

A

-control of balance (receives info form inner ear)
-influences posture and muscle tone
-coordination of movement
-motor learning (muscle memory such as knitting whilst watching TV)

64
Q

What is the sympathetic NS?

A

The thoracolumbar, respond to threats (middle of spine mostly).

65
Q

What is the parasympathetic NS?

A

The craniosacral, rest and digest (above and below symp NS).

66
Q

In parasympathetic NS, what are the lengths of the ganglions?

A

The preganglionic fibres are long, postganglionic are short.

67
Q

In symp NS, what are the lengths of the ganglions?

A

The preganglionic are short, postganglionic are long.

68
Q

What does it mean if something if something is myelinated?

A

Levels of fatty insulation.

69
Q

What chemical is released from the parasympathetic NS?

A

ACh (acetylcholine- released on tissues which slows heart rate).

70
Q

What are splanchnic nerves?

A

These are nerves either side of vertebral column, receive info from sympathetic ganglion and control viscera.

71
Q

What is a solar plexus?

A

This is a group of ganglia that makes up part of the pre vertebral complex.

72
Q

What are the pre vertebral ganglia?

A

-celiac ganglia
-superior mesenteric ganglia
-aorticorenal ganglia
-inferior mesenteric ganglia

73
Q

What does the celiac ganglia control?

A

Liver, intestines etc.

74
Q

What does the aorticorenal ganglia control?

A

Sympathetic control to kidneys and renal system.

75
Q

What chemical is released from the sympathetic NS?

A

NE (Norepinephrine/ noradrenaline)- has a role in stress and with effector organs.

76
Q

What does the adrenal medulla release?

A

This is the inner part of the adrenal glands and releases adrenaline (80%) and noradrenaline (20%) for the sympathetic NS.

77
Q

What effects can the fight or flight response have?

A

-increased blood flow to muscle
-decreased blood flow to gut and skin
-increased cardiac output
-bronchodilation

78
Q

What does the brain stem control?

A

Regulates pupil size, heart, blood pressure, airflow, salivation (autonomic functions).

79
Q

What are the 3 main nuclei involved in brain stem control of respiratory function?

A

-Pontine nuclei
-ventral respiratory group
-dorsal respiratory group

80
Q

What does the pontine nuclei do?

A

Acts like cerebellum, adjusts rate and depth of breathing.

81
Q

What does the ventral respiratory group do?

A

Involved with breathing in and out.

82
Q

What does the dorsal respiratory group do?

A

This receives sensory information to inform the ventral resp group.

83
Q

What does the limbic system do?

A

This is to do with emotional input/ impact of what’s happening (info processing).

Foundations of Healthcare Science (18 decks)

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