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Foundations of Healthcare Science > Immunity > Flashcards

Immunity Flashcards

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1
Q

What are innate (non specific) defences?

A

You are born with these and contain surface barriers and internal defences.

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2
Q

What are adaptive (specific) defences?

A

These are developed after meeting a pathogen (best way to fight them and for future) and contain humoral and cellular immunity.

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3
Q

How is skin a mechanical barrier?
(first line of defence)

A

Produces sebum (oily, greasy substance) that acts as film on skin to stop things living on it, also has pH of 4.5- 6- prevents things growing on it.

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4
Q

What is the pH of the skin?

A

4.5-6

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5
Q

How are mucous membranes a mechanical barrier?
(first line of defence)

A

Any opening in the body is a weak point. Mucous helps trap dust and bacteria and brings it up to the throat to either cough or swallow it.

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6
Q

How is stomach acid a chemical barrier?
(first line of defence)

A

Has a pH of 1.2-3 so things get killed (very inhospitable).

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7
Q

How are lysozymes a chemical barrier?
(first line of defence)

A

This is found in tears and saliva (tears help dissolve any pathogens etc).

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8
Q

How are Stomach interferon antimicrobial proteins?
(second line of defence)

A

If a cell is infected, these alert neighbouring cell to get in the way of viral replication (produce antimicrobial proteins).

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9
Q

How are complements antimicrobial proteins?
(second line of defence)

A

These are like ‘cheer leaders’ and help to enhance the immune response (make it more effective).

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10
Q

How are transferrins antimicrobial proteins?
(second line of defence)

A

These inhibit bacterial growth as they are iron finding proteins. They bind to Fe to prevents bacteria binding and replicating.

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11
Q

What do natural killer cells do?
(second line of defence)

A

These release perforins which enter into the pathogen and make the membrane leaky so the cell ‘blows up’ or can attach the cell directly.

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12
Q

What do phagocytes do?
(second line of defence)

A

These engulf cells (pathogens) and can be fixed or wandering macrophages (secrete enzymes to break down).

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13
Q

How is inflammation a secondary line of defence?

A

This causes redness, pain, heat and swelling.

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14
Q

How is (mild) fever a secondary line of defence?

A

This is when the body’s thermostat is reset to a higher temp which is helpful as bacteria don’t like higher temp as it slows them down. Higher temp also enhances interferon, inhibits microbial growth and speeds up repair.- all for a mild fever.

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15
Q

What is the problem with a high fever?

A

This isn’t good for our bodies as this can denature enzymes.

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16
Q

What are adaptive defences characterised by?

A

-Specificity- invading agent recognised as different (unique properties)
-Memory (second response greater than the first).

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17
Q

What does cells being ‘non-self’ mean?- (antigens)

A

This means they don’t belong in our body and need to be gotten rid of.

18
Q

Where do lymphocytes originate?

A

Bone marrow.

19
Q

What happens once lymphocytes are mature?

A

They acquire specific antigen receptors so they can recognise a specific invading agent.

20
Q

What is meant by immunocompetence?

A

This is the ability to detect, identify and respond.

21
Q

What is meant by self- tolerance?

A

This is the ability to identify self cells from non- self cells.

22
Q

How are B and T cells different?

A

It depends on where they mature.

23
Q

Where do B cells mature?

A

In the bone.

24
Q

Where do T cells mature?

A

In the thymus.

25
Q

Why is it called the humoral response?

A

This is everything to do with the humors (fluids) in the body.

26
Q

How are antibodies produced from B cells?

A

Once an antigen is identified by a B cell, this activates it. They then form a clone and become plasma cells.
Plasma cells then secrete antibodies.

27
Q

What are memory B cells?

A

These are B cells that don’t clone and are used to retain knowledge so that the response can be used in future and even better.

28
Q

What is the class of antibodies- IgG?

A

This is the main antibody that can cross the placenta (supports newborn babies).

29
Q

What is the class of antibodies- IgE?

A

These are associated with allergies and parasitic infections.

30
Q

What process are T cells involved in?

A

Cell mediated immune responses.

31
Q

What are cell mediated immune responses?

A

These are directed against intracellular pathogens like viruses, cancer cells and tissue transplants.

32
Q

What are the two types of T cells?

A

Killer T cells and helper T cells.

33
Q

What do killer T cells do?

A

These directly attack the invading pathogen.

34
Q

What do helper T cells do?

A

These help antibody and cell mediated responses.

35
Q

What do T cells have to have to become activated?

A

They have to be presented with a fragment of a killed pathogen to recognise.

36
Q

What is an APC cell?

A

These are antigen presenting cells (often dendritic cells) (show how to get rid of the pathogen).

37
Q

What are CD4 cells?

A

These become helper T cells.

38
Q

What are CD8 cells?

A

These become cytotoxic/ killer T cells.

39
Q

What is the function of memory cells?

A

Produced by both B and T, have memory of antigen, allows for further response to be much quicker and greater (end result is the symptoms aren’t seen by us).

40
Q

Why are primary responses slow and ineffective?

A

There aren’t any memory cells to help defeat the invading pathogen quicker so signs and symptoms are seen.

41
Q

What is an autoimmune response?

A

This is where the body attacks its own tissues and doesnt recognise them as self.

42
Q

When does an allergy occur?

A

When a person reacts to a substance that’s normally tolerated by people (eg pollen, dust mites)- caused by allergens.

Foundations of Healthcare Science (20 decks)

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