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Foundations of Healthcare Science > Nutrition > Flashcards

Nutrition Flashcards

Macro and micronutrients

1
Q

LO1- Define nutrition.

A

Intake of food considered in relation of body’s dietary needs (good nutrition is adequate well combined with regular physical activity).

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2
Q

LO1- Define nutrients.

A

Compounds of food essential to life and health (provides with energy, repair and growth and regulation of chemical processes).

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3
Q

LO1- Define macronutrients.

A

Large, complex, needed in larger quantities.

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4
Q

LO1- Define micronutrients (g).

A

Small, needed in smaller quantities (mg).

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5
Q

LO2- What are the macronutrients.

A

Carbohydrates, proteins, fats.

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6
Q

What are the two groups of carbohydrates?

A

Simple/ free sugars and complex/ starchy carbs.

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7
Q

What is the function of carbs?

A

Primary energy source.

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8
Q

What happens to unused glucose in the body?

A

Converted to glycogen and stored in liver and muscles. When glycogen stores full, excess glucose converted to fat for storage.

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9
Q

What are proteins made up of?

A

Amino acids.

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10
Q

Can essential or non essential amino acids be produced in our body?

A

Non- essential (essential needs to be obtained in diet).

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11
Q

What are the functions of proteins?

A

-structural components of cells and tissues
-enzymes (lactase)
-hormones (insulin)
-immunity (antibodies)
-storage
-carriers (Hb)

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12
Q

What are some sources of protein?

A

Beans, fish, lentils, eggs, meat.

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13
Q

What are the 3 classifications of fatty acids?

A

Saturated, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated.

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14
Q

What are functions of fats in the body?

A

-richest energy source
-carry fat soluble vitamins (absorption and storage)
-cell signalling
-control biochemical reactions in cells.

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15
Q

What are the two groups of vitamins?

A

-fat soluble (A,D,E,K)
-water soluble (B-complex, C).

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16
Q

Where are fat soluble vitamins absorbed?

A

In intestinal tract with help of fats.

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17
Q

Where are fat soluble vitamins stored?

A

Fatty tissues and liver.

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18
Q

Are fat soluble vitamins excreted?

A

No- very high intakes can cause toxicity.

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19
Q

What is vitamin A found in?

A

Red and orange fruits, dark green veg.

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20
Q

What is vitamin A needed for?

A

Maintenance of epithelial tissues, mucus membranes, bone development, immune function.

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21
Q

What happens with vitamin A deficiency?

A

Night blindness.

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22
Q

What is vitamin D found in?

A

Dairy products, liver and fish oils.

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23
Q

What is vitamin D needed for?

A

Increased Ca2+ absorption in gut, promotes growth and mineralisation of bone.

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24
Q

What happens with vitamin D deficiency?

A

Weak bones, osteoporosis.

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25
Q

What is vitamin E found in?

A

Meat, veg, veg oils.

26
Q

What is vitamin E needed for?

A

Fights free radicals, protects cell membranes.

27
Q

What happens with vitamin E deficiency?

A

Nerve and muscle damage, vision problems, poor immunity.

28
Q

What is vitamin K found in?

A

Green, leafy veg, intestinal production.

29
Q

What is vitamin K needed for?

A

Forms blood clotting factors, bones.

30
Q

What happens with vitamin K deficiency?

A

Bleeding and internal haemorrhage.

31
Q

Where are water soluble vitamins absorbed?

A

In the intestinal tract.

32
Q

Where is water soluble vitamins stored?

A

Body can’t store.

33
Q

Can water soluble vitamins be excreted?

A

Yes- in the urine.

34
Q

What is B1- thiamine?

A

Energy metabolism, promotes CNS function.

35
Q

What is B2- riboflavin?

A

Promotes CHO and fat oxidation, maintain healthy skin.

36
Q

What is B3- niacin?

A

Same as B2.

37
Q

What is B6- pyridoxine?

A

Promotes PRO metabolism, helps form red blood cells.

38
Q

What is folic acid?

A

Coenzyme for DNA- requirement with rapid cell multiplication, promotes Hb and RBC.

39
Q

What is B12- cobalamin?

A

Same as folic acid but also maintains nerve, gut and skin tissue.

40
Q

What is vitamin C (ascorbic acid) found in?

A

Citrus fruits, leafy veg, kiwi.

41
Q

What is vitamin C needed for?

A

Metabolism, iron absorption, steroid synthesis.

42
Q

What happens with vitamin C deficiency?

A

Scurvy (weakness, tiredness).

43
Q

How many minerals are there in the body?

A

22.

44
Q

Which two groups can minerals be split into?

A

Macrominerals and microminerals.

45
Q

What are examples of macro minerals?

A

Calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, sodium, potassium.

46
Q

What are examples of micro minerals?

A

Iron, zinc, iodine, selenium, copper.

47
Q

What is calcium needed for?

A

Stored in bones and teeth, needed for muscle contraction and nerves to carry messages between brain and muscles.

48
Q

What is iron needed for?

A

Essential for blood production (Hb), enzymes involved in synthesis of collagen and neurotransmitters.

49
Q

What is iodine needed for?

A

Needed in synthesis of thyroid hormones.

50
Q

What is dietary reference values (DRVs)?

A

Series of estimates of amount of energy and nutrients needed by different groups of healthy people in UK pop.

51
Q

What is reference nutrient intakes (RNIs)?

A

Amount that meets the needs of nearly all the population.

52
Q

DRV value for protein needed?

A

0.6g/kg.

53
Q

RNI value for protein needed?

A

0.75g/kg

54
Q

What does malnutrition refer to?

A

Over- nutrition and under-nutrition.

55
Q

What is over- nutrition?

A

Intake of nutrients exceeds the amount required for normal growth, development and metabolism.

56
Q

What is the result of over- nutrition?

A

Weight gain and obesity.

57
Q

How many people does obesity affect?

A

1 in 4 adults, 1 in 5 children.

58
Q

How can a healthcare professional help to prevent ill health?

A

-speak about maintaining healthy weight (importance of diet)
-communicate risks
-familiarise with healthy eating messages
-think about resources in area to help people lose weight

59
Q

What is under nutrition?

A

Deficiency of energy, protein and other nutrients that cause adverse effects on body, the way it functions and clinical outcomes.

60
Q

How many people are malnourished in the UK?

A

3 million.

61
Q

Who is at high risk of malnutrition?

A

-chronic diseases
-acute illness
-housebound, difficulty preparing food
-older adults

62
Q

What are the consequences of malnutrition?

A

Increased falls, impaired recovery, poor clinical outcomes, reduced muscle strength, impaired immune response.

Foundations of Healthcare Science (22 decks)

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