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Foundations of Healthcare Science > Female Reproductive System > Flashcards

Female Reproductive System Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the functions of the female reproductive system?

A

-formation of ova
-reception of sperm
-gives suitable environment for fertilisation and feral development
-childbirth
-lactation.

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2
Q

What are the functions of the ovaries?

A

-produces female sex hormones and ova (born with all ova)
-contains ovarian follicles in various stages of maturity

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3
Q

What is follicle maturation stimulated by?

A

FSH and oestrogen.

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4
Q

How often is an ovum released?

A

Every 28 days.

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5
Q

What are the first 3 organs in the female duct system?

A

Fallopian tubes, uterine tubes and oviducts.

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6
Q

Where does the egg move after ovulation?

A

Towards the fimbraie.

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7
Q

What are the fimbraie?

A

Ciliatedd finger like projections at ovarian end that don’t touch ovary, beat gently to guide the egg towards uterus.

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8
Q

Where does fertilisation take place?

A

The ampulla.

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9
Q

How long does the egg take to reach the uterus?

A

5 days.

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10
Q

What is the issue with scarred tissue in the fallopian tubes?

A

The lumen of the fallopian tube is narrowed so the egg can’t fit through the tube and can lead to an ectopic pregnancy.

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11
Q

What are the 3 layers in the walls of the uterus?

A

-perimetrium (outer, protective)
-myometrium (muscular)
-endometrium (fertilised egg embedded).

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12
Q

How does the menstrual cycle prepare the uterus?

A

Receive, nourish and protect zygote.

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13
Q

What is the menstrual cycle?

A

Collective cyclical changes that occur within ovaries and uterus over 28 day period.

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14
Q

What is the ovarian cycle?

A

Changes in the maturation of follicles.

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15
Q

What is the uterine cycle?

A

Changes in the uterus.

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16
Q

What happens in days 1-5 of menstrual cycle?

A

-50-150ml blood lost
-endometrium lost to basal layer

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17
Q

What happens in days 4-13 of menstrual cycle (proliferation)?

A

-growth of endometrium (increased oestrogen)
-spiral arteries, tubular glands, vascular muscosa, receptor cells primed.

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18
Q

What day of the cycle does ovulation occur?

A

Day 14.

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19
Q

What happens in days 15-28 of menstrual cycle (secretory)?

A

-spiral arteries tortuous (twisty and develop further)
-receptor cells secrete glycogen.

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20
Q

What is the degeneration part of the cycle?

A

When the body realises it hasn’t been fertilised, stops producing progesterone (blood supply cut, lysosomes released, auto digestive).

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21
Q

What is the follicular phase?

A

-day 1 ovulation
-ovarian follicles develop from primordial cells to Graafian follicles (FSH)

22
Q

What do developing follicles release?

A

Increasing amounts of oestrogen.

23
Q

What does increased oestrogen cause?

A

A surge in LH which stimulates ovulation.

24
Q

When is the luteal phase?

A

Day of ovulation until day 28.

25
Q

In luteal phase, what does LH surge cause?

A

Causes development of corpus luteum (secretes progesterone).

26
Q

When does the corpus luteum degenerate?

A

10 days after ovulation if no pregnancy (low progesterone causes ovulation to happen again)

27
Q

What are the 3 phases of the uterine cycle?

A

-Menstrual phase
-Proliferative phase
-Secretory phase

28
Q

What are the effects of FSH?

A

Stimulate maturation of developing follicle, stimulates production of oestrogen.

29
Q

What are the effects of LH?

A

Maturation of follicle, production of oestrogen and progesterone.

30
Q

What are the effects of oestrogen?

A

Growth of breasts and reproductive organs, growth of uterus, long bone growth, female libido.

31
Q

What are the effects of progesterone?

A

Growth of breasts, secretory phase, enhances ability of mammary glands to produce milk, increases body temperature.

32
Q

What is the function of HCG during pregnancy?

A

Acts like LH to maintain corpus luteum until placenta fully formed (this is the hormone seen on pregnancy tests).

33
Q

What are the functions of oestrogen during pregnancy?

A

Myometrial hypertrophy, external genitalia enlargement, softening of pelvic ligaments.

34
Q

What are the functions of progesterone during pregnancy?

A

Proliferation of endometrium. inhibition of uterine contractions (stops uterus contracting until ready), developing alveoli in mammary glands.

35
Q

What are the functions of prolactin during pregnancy?

A

Milk production when oestrogen falls after parturition, inhibits FSH release and ovulation.

36
Q

What is the function of relaxin during pregnancy?

A

Produced for flexibility of tissues.

37
Q

What is the function of oxytocin during pregnancy?

A

For uterine contractions during labour.

38
Q

What is the stage of a zygote?

A

Fusion of gametes to 8 cells.

39
Q

What is the stage of a morula?

A

Clump of cells undergoing mitosis.

40
Q

What is the stage of a blastocyst?

A

Day 4-20 inner cell mass turns to bilaminar disc.

41
Q

What is the stage of an embryo?

A

Day 21-56 from somites to organogenesis.

42
Q

What is the stage of a foetus?

A

Week 9 to birth.

43
Q

What is conception/ fertilisation?

A

Joining or fusion of sperm and egg.

44
Q

What is the process of conception?

A

Sperm penetrates corona radiate and zona pellucida, takes many sperm to release enzyme to penetrate egg, depolarisation of cell membrane of fertilised egg and release calcium ions to prevent polyspermy, genetic info combines to form zygote.

45
Q

What is polyspermy?

A

Fertilisation by more than one sperm.

46
Q

What part of the sperm secretes the enzyme to digest the zone pellucida?

A

Acrosome (head).

47
Q

Where is the zygote embedded?

A

The endometrium.

48
Q

What nourishes the zygote when the placenta is developing?

A

Uterine secretions.

49
Q

What does the placenta secrete?

A

Progesterone (prevents uterine contractions).

50
Q

Which enzymes promote uterine contractions after 40 weeks?

A

Oestrogen and oxytocin.

Foundations of Healthcare Science (20 decks)

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