The renal Systems

Question 1

Whwat does the macula densa do to regulate fluid electrolytes and blood pressure?

Answer 1

• releases renin from juxtaglomerular cells
• responds to [NaCl] or hypotension
• reversed cellular polarity

Question 2

THe juxtaglomerular cells have what purpose?

Answer 2

• release renin with sympathetic nerve stimulation.

and are smooth muscles cells in afferent arteriole in order to secrete the renin

Question 3

What parts make up the renal tubules?

Answer 3

• proximal convoluted tubule
• loop of henle
• distal convoluted tubule.

Question 4

What cells are located in the Bowman’s capsule and the proximal convoluted tubule?

Answer 4

-starts as simple squamous and continues on to form simple cuboidal

Question 5

The renal filtration barrier is formed by what?

Answer 5

• fenestrated endothelium glomerular capillaries
• fused basal lamina of endothelial cells and podocytes
• pedicels of the podocytes are attached by integrins
• podocytes feet form the “filtration slit” between fenestration

Question 6

In general what components are generally filtered by the renal filtration barrier?

Answer 6

• water, glucose, and ions pass into bowman’s capsule
• no proteins
• no large negative charge due to the electrostatic charges

Question 7

Simple cuboidal cells in the proximal convoluted tubule is made up of what cells and components>

Answer 7

• formation of truncated pyramidal cells
• multiple mitochondria
• pale staining nuclei
• eosinophilic cytoplasm

Question 8

Where are the majority of large indigitations of cells generally found?

Answer 8

-mostly in cells that participate in active transport and therefore have high amount of mitochondria associated.

Question 9

What is a histological feature of the “fuzzy” appearance in the lumen side of the tubule?

Answer 9

-this represents the microvilli and forms the brush border.

Question 10

What is significant about the loop of henle?

Answer 10

• thick segments are low cuboidal epithelium
• thin segments are simple squamous
• thick ascending limb has more basal vertical striation and no brush border

Question 11

What is the major function of the Loop of Henle?

Answer 11

• establish the counter-current exchange system that allows for the gradient to pull and push water in and out.
• ADH is used in the distal convoluted tubule and the collecting duct.

Question 12

Why is the distal convoluted tubule have a larger diameter than the proximal tubule?

Answer 12

-no brush border, and smaller simple cuboidal cells

Question 13

What cells are contained in the collecting duct. Further, the collecting duct has a different embryological origin than what section?

Answer 13

• principal cells: reabsorb Na, and secrete K actively
• intercalated cells: absorb K with a K-H-ATPase pump. H secreted to form bicarbonate
• the nephron has different origin than the collecting duct.

Question 14

What are the three components that form the excretory passages?

Answer 14

• renal pelvis
• ureter
• urinary bladder

Question 15

What are the layers of the excretory passages?

Answer 15

• mucosa
• submucosa
• muscularis
• adventitia
• FECT external to the adventitia
• serosa over the superior portion of the bladder

Question 16

The mucosa of the excretory passage consist of what layers of cells?

Answer 16

• transitional epithelium
• basement membrane
• lamina propria of FECT
• loose lymphoid tissue
• smooth muscle cells

Question 17

Muscularis of the excretory passage is mostly contained in what area?

Answer 17

• the ureter that contains a longitudinal and circular muscle coat
• the last 3rd has a 3rd muscular layer longitudinally
• these form the detrusor muscles

Question 18

What are the three sections that form the male urethra?

Answer 18

• prostatic
• membranous
• cavernous

Question 19

Where is the prostatic urethra and what cells are associated with it?

Answer 19

• passes through the prostate

- transitional epithelium and high venous vascularization

Question 20

The membranous urethra has what cells and is located where?

Answer 20

• variable pseudostratified columnar cells
• runs through the urogenital diaphragm
• receives striated cells to form the voluntary external sphincter

Question 21

The cavernous urethra runs where and has what cells to make it up?

Answer 21

-pseudostratified epithelium with sections of stratified squamous epithelium

Question 22

What is the lucanae of Morgagni in the urethra?

Answer 22

-gland that contain single or grouped intrepithelial mucous cells.

Question 23

What is the Glands of Littre?

Answer 23

-branched tubular glands that open into the lacuna morgagni

Question 24

The female urethra has what cell layers?

Answer 24

stratified or pseudostratified columnar epithelium. High vascularization with elastic tissue. Contains the longitudinal and circular muscles but not easy to discern.

Question 25

Where does the angiotensin converting factor come from?

Answer 25

-the pulmonary and the endothelium

Question 26

What RAS hormone is circulating in the blood from the liver?

Answer 26

-angiotensinogen

Question 27

What RAS stimulator/enzyme is formed in the lungs?

Answer 27

Angiotensin !

Question 28

What is contained in the juxtaglomerular apparatus?

Answer 28

• macula densa
• extraglomerular mesangial cells
• juxtaglomerular cells