Respiratory system 29 Flashcards
The nares of the nose consist of what cells?
- stratified squamous epithelium
- sebaceous glands, sudoriferous glands, hair follicles
The mucosa of the nasal septum contains what 3 components?
- pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
- basement membrane
- lamina propria
The respiratory mucosa lines the passageway and is formed by what ?
- pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells
- lamina propria: thin layer of CT
- submucosa: dense irregular CT
What are three important factors to know of the olfactory epithelium?
- they are modified neurons
- pseudostratified columnar epithelial cells without goblet cells
What are the different types of cells in the olfactory epithelium?
- sustentacular cells with pigment granules
- basal cells with pigment granules
- olfactory cells
- olfactory glands of Bowman
What is the purpose of pigmented basal cells?
- are stem cell that provide immature olfactory cells
What are the olfactory cells?
- bipolar neurons with apical projections of nonmotile cilia.
- the basal layer extends unmyelinated axons through the ethmoid plate to mitral cells
- located in lamina propria
- secrete odorant-binding protein, which binds to molecules in the nasal cavity and activates an action potential
What is the action potential pathway in order to generate the sense of smell?
- odorant binding protein and odorant molecule bind. This complex then binds to odorant receptor G protein located on the olfactory cell cilium. G protein receptor activates cAMP to open Na ion channels and generates an action potential to the proper area of the brain to sense a scent.
What are the main large structures that make up the nasopharynx?
- mucosa
- submucosa
- Waldeyer’s ring
- Epiglottis
What is the purpose of the mucosa in the nasopharynx?
- it is a respiratory epithelium with a lamina propira with FECT, mucous glands, serous and mixed glands and diffuse lymphatic tissues
The submucosa of the nasopharynx consists of what two compounds?
-Loose CT, and MALT
The Waldeyer’s rings of the nasopharynx consist of what?
- includes the tonsil and adenoids
- is a ring of lymphoid tissue around the entire naspharynx.
What are the surfaces of the epiglottis and what is their function?
- Lingual surface: stratified squamous epithelium, lamina propria, loose CT, elastic fibers
- Pharyngeal surface: pseudostratified ciliated epithelium, lamina propria with tubuloacinar seromucous glands
The false vocal cords or vestibular folds are part of the nasopharynx with what components?
- pseudostratified ciliated epithelium
- lamina with seromucous glands
What components help to form the larynx?
- true vocal cords
- epithelium
- hyaline and elastic cartilage
- skeletal muscles
The true vocal cords have what histological features?
- stratified squamous epithelium
- no seromucous in lamina propria
Discuss the layers of tissue in the larynx, and characteristics of each layer.
- epithelium: pseudostratified ciliated columnar, and stratified squamous epithelium
- cartilage: hyaline in thyroid, cricoid, and arytenoids
- -elastic cartilage: corniculates, cuneiforms, epiglottis
What type of mucosa is contained in the trachea?
-pseudostratified columnar epithelium with a thick basement membrane
- Lamina propria with a delicate fibro-elastic connective tissue ad lymphatic tissue
Submucosa: contain the sero-mucous glands
The production of speech is what to the vocal cords?
-speech is a secondary function of the vocal cords, as their primary function was to control the amount of air that reaches the lungs during respirations.
What is the large structure of the trachea?
- cartilage consists of horseshoe cartilage connected by fibro-elastic connective tissue
- the spaces between the cartilage are closed with FECT, smooth muscle and mucous membranes
What does the word lung refer to?
- all structures distal to the trachea.
- bronchial tree, alveoli, and connecting tissue
- 5 lobes, 3 on the R. 2 on the L to allow space for the heart.
The primary bronchi are further divided into smaller sections call the secondary or segmental bronchi. These are referred to as what, and contain what structure?
- are considered intrapulmonary
- are reinforced with circular rings or hyaline cartilage that transition to irregular plates
What happens with the bronchi moving from the intrapulonary bronchi to the respiratory bronchioles?
- as bronchi become smaller there is a decrease in height of the epithelium, decrease in cartilage and glands.
- an increase if proportion of elastic fibers and smooth muscles.
What are three key characteristics of the bronchi mucosa?
- prominent elastic fibers
- mucosal folds due to presence of smooth muscles
- similar structure to that of trachea and extrapulmonary branch
The loose Ct and lymphatic tissue that contain mucous glands and mixed glands is characteristic of what in the bronchi?
-submucosa
What contains a hyaline cartilage plate that is surrounded by a dense fibro-elastic connective tissue of the bronchi?
-adventitia
What is characteristic of a majority of pulmonary difficulty with breathing/respirations?
Loss of elasticity of smaller tree components, or other components with high level of elastic fibers
What are key features of the bronchioles that differ from the bronchi?
- no cartilage
- no glands
- large smooth muscle tissue
- reduced # of goblet cells
- ciliated cuboidal epithelium
What is an important feature of respiratory bronchioles?
- 1st location for gas exchange possible.
- no cilia
- no goblet cells
- smooth muscle wit FECT
Where are alveoli contained?
-within alveolar sacs that come from alveolar ducts which are squamous epithelium.
The alveoli consist of what type of cells and what are the associated characteristics?
- Type 1 cells: cover largest surface area, but few in number
- Type 2 cells: cuboidal and act as stem cells
- Macrophages.
What are the pores of Kohn?
- opening between adjacent alveoli.
- responsible for collateral respiration when a small bronchiole becomes blocked.
