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Histology > Respiratory system 29 > Flashcards

Respiratory system 29 Flashcards

1
Q

The nares of the nose consist of what cells?

A
  • stratified squamous epithelium

- sebaceous glands, sudoriferous glands, hair follicles

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2
Q

The mucosa of the nasal septum contains what 3 components?

A
  • pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
  • basement membrane
  • lamina propria
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3
Q

The respiratory mucosa lines the passageway and is formed by what ?

A
  • pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells
  • lamina propria: thin layer of CT
  • submucosa: dense irregular CT
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4
Q

What are three important factors to know of the olfactory epithelium?

A
  • they are modified neurons

- pseudostratified columnar epithelial cells without goblet cells

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5
Q

What are the different types of cells in the olfactory epithelium?

A
  • sustentacular cells with pigment granules
  • basal cells with pigment granules
  • olfactory cells
  • olfactory glands of Bowman
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6
Q

What is the purpose of pigmented basal cells?

A
  • are stem cell that provide immature olfactory cells
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7
Q

What are the olfactory cells?

A
  • bipolar neurons with apical projections of nonmotile cilia.
  • the basal layer extends unmyelinated axons through the ethmoid plate to mitral cells
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8
Q
A
  • located in lamina propria

- secrete odorant-binding protein, which binds to molecules in the nasal cavity and activates an action potential

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9
Q

What is the action potential pathway in order to generate the sense of smell?

A
  • odorant binding protein and odorant molecule bind. This complex then binds to odorant receptor G protein located on the olfactory cell cilium. G protein receptor activates cAMP to open Na ion channels and generates an action potential to the proper area of the brain to sense a scent.
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10
Q

What are the main large structures that make up the nasopharynx?

A
  • mucosa
  • submucosa
  • Waldeyer’s ring
  • Epiglottis
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11
Q

What is the purpose of the mucosa in the nasopharynx?

A
  • it is a respiratory epithelium with a lamina propira with FECT, mucous glands, serous and mixed glands and diffuse lymphatic tissues
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12
Q

The submucosa of the nasopharynx consists of what two compounds?

A

-Loose CT, and MALT

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13
Q

The Waldeyer’s rings of the nasopharynx consist of what?

A
  • includes the tonsil and adenoids

- is a ring of lymphoid tissue around the entire naspharynx.

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14
Q

What are the surfaces of the epiglottis and what is their function?

A
  • Lingual surface: stratified squamous epithelium, lamina propria, loose CT, elastic fibers
  • Pharyngeal surface: pseudostratified ciliated epithelium, lamina propria with tubuloacinar seromucous glands
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15
Q

The false vocal cords or vestibular folds are part of the nasopharynx with what components?

A
  • pseudostratified ciliated epithelium

- lamina with seromucous glands

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16
Q

What components help to form the larynx?

A
  • true vocal cords
  • epithelium
  • hyaline and elastic cartilage
  • skeletal muscles
17
Q

The true vocal cords have what histological features?

A
  • stratified squamous epithelium

- no seromucous in lamina propria

18
Q

Discuss the layers of tissue in the larynx, and characteristics of each layer.

A
  • epithelium: pseudostratified ciliated columnar, and stratified squamous epithelium
  • cartilage: hyaline in thyroid, cricoid, and arytenoids
  • -elastic cartilage: corniculates, cuneiforms, epiglottis
19
Q

What type of mucosa is contained in the trachea?

A

-pseudostratified columnar epithelium with a thick basement membrane
- Lamina propria with a delicate fibro-elastic connective tissue ad lymphatic tissue
Submucosa: contain the sero-mucous glands

20
Q

The production of speech is what to the vocal cords?

A

-speech is a secondary function of the vocal cords, as their primary function was to control the amount of air that reaches the lungs during respirations.

21
Q

What is the large structure of the trachea?

A
  • cartilage consists of horseshoe cartilage connected by fibro-elastic connective tissue
  • the spaces between the cartilage are closed with FECT, smooth muscle and mucous membranes
22
Q

What does the word lung refer to?

A
  • all structures distal to the trachea.
  • bronchial tree, alveoli, and connecting tissue
  • 5 lobes, 3 on the R. 2 on the L to allow space for the heart.
23
Q

The primary bronchi are further divided into smaller sections call the secondary or segmental bronchi. These are referred to as what, and contain what structure?

A
  • are considered intrapulmonary

- are reinforced with circular rings or hyaline cartilage that transition to irregular plates

24
Q

What happens with the bronchi moving from the intrapulonary bronchi to the respiratory bronchioles?

A
  • as bronchi become smaller there is a decrease in height of the epithelium, decrease in cartilage and glands.
  • an increase if proportion of elastic fibers and smooth muscles.
25
Q

What are three key characteristics of the bronchi mucosa?

A
  • prominent elastic fibers
  • mucosal folds due to presence of smooth muscles
  • similar structure to that of trachea and extrapulmonary branch
26
Q

The loose Ct and lymphatic tissue that contain mucous glands and mixed glands is characteristic of what in the bronchi?

A

-submucosa

27
Q

What contains a hyaline cartilage plate that is surrounded by a dense fibro-elastic connective tissue of the bronchi?

A

-adventitia

28
Q

What is characteristic of a majority of pulmonary difficulty with breathing/respirations?

A

Loss of elasticity of smaller tree components, or other components with high level of elastic fibers

29
Q

What are key features of the bronchioles that differ from the bronchi?

A
  • no cartilage
  • no glands
  • large smooth muscle tissue
  • reduced # of goblet cells
  • ciliated cuboidal epithelium
30
Q

What is an important feature of respiratory bronchioles?

A
  • 1st location for gas exchange possible.
  • no cilia
  • no goblet cells
  • smooth muscle wit FECT
31
Q

Where are alveoli contained?

A

-within alveolar sacs that come from alveolar ducts which are squamous epithelium.

32
Q

The alveoli consist of what type of cells and what are the associated characteristics?

A
  • Type 1 cells: cover largest surface area, but few in number
  • Type 2 cells: cuboidal and act as stem cells
  • Macrophages.
33
Q

What are the pores of Kohn?

A
  • opening between adjacent alveoli.

- responsible for collateral respiration when a small bronchiole becomes blocked.

Histology (19 decks)

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