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Histology > Integument > Flashcards

Integument Flashcards

1
Q

What are the characteristics of the epidermal ridges?

A

primary dermal ridge

secondary dermal ridge

interpapillary peg

dermal papillae

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2
Q

The primary and secondary ridges?

A
  • primary dermal ridges form fingerprints and not found on forehead, ext ear, perineum, scrotum
  • secondary dermal ridges occur in double rows, and thin collagenous, reticular and elastic fibers
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3
Q

What are the Dermal Papillae?

A

upward projections from the secondary dermal ridges.

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4
Q

What are the functions of the integument system? (list 6)

A

Protection

Prevent dessication

Bacterial protection

UV raditation protection

Thermoregulation and blood pressure

Synthesize provitamin D

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5
Q

List the layers of the skin from deepest to superficial.

A

Stratum basale (germinativum)

Stratum spinosum

Stratum granulosum (represented by few cells in thin skin)

Stratum lucidum ( not in thin skin)

Stratum corneum

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6
Q

Keratohyalin aggregates do what?

A

Fillagrin induce cross-linkage of keratin

No limiting membrane

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7
Q

What characteristics play a role in Stratum spinosum

A

Polyhedral shaped cells

Keratohyalin granules develop

Lamellar bodies: contain lipids, carbs, hydrolytic enzymes

Tonofibrils: form intercellular bridges.

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8
Q

What is the purpose and components of the Stratum basale (germinativum)

A

Columnar to high cuboidal keratinocytes

Single layer of cells held by desmosomes and hemidesmosomes to hold the basal lamina

Mitotic activity affected by chemotherapeutic and radiation treatments

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9
Q

Stratum lucidum

A

Flat keratinocytes lacking nuclei and organelles

Only in thick skin

Contains eleiden

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10
Q

Stratum Corneum

A

Enucleated, flattened, dead keratinocytes

Cytoplasm is replaced by keratin

Cytoplasm contains: keratin cross-linked with filaggrin to form the cornified cell envelope

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11
Q

What makes up the Cornified Cell Envelope?

A

Extracellular layer: multi-lamellar lipid covalently linked to involucrine

Intracellular layer: small proline rich proteins, loricrin, fillagrin/keratin complex, involucrine

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12
Q

What are characteristics of the Dermis?

A

Dense fibrous irregular CT under epidermis

From embryonic mesoderm

Induces development of epidermis and epidermal derivatives

  • papillary layer is loose CT with network of elastic fiber and abundant capillaries
  • reticular layer is dense irregular CT, with fibrocytes, macrophages, and adipocytes
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13
Q

What cells are contained within the Dermis?

A

Keratinocytes

Langerhans Cells

Merkel Cells

Melanocytes

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14
Q

What do the Merkel cells do, and where are they at?

A

Contain mechanoreceptors that can act as diffuse neuroendocrine cells

Within the stratum germinativum

Have catecholamine-like granules

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15
Q

What do the Langerhans Cells do?

A

Birbeck granules

Antigen-presenting cells. Primary in stratum spinosum

Migrate from epidermis to lymph nodes

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16
Q

What are characteristics/components of the Melanocytes?

A

Do not form desmosome attachments in epidermis

Inject melanin granules into keratinocytes

Pathway of the melanin formation

Tyrosine–> 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA)–> dopaquinone–> melanin

Tyrosine is required

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17
Q

What are the embryonic derivative of the epidermis?

A

Periderm: sloughs off to form vernix caseosa

Inner cuboidal germinal layer: continue to proliferate to form adult layers of epidermis and derivatives

Fingernails form in 10 wks, and hair buds at 12 wks.

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18
Q

Describe the characteristics of stratum spinosum.

A
  • polyhedral shape
  • keratin 1 and 10
  • lamellar bodies oflipid, carbohydrates, hydrolytic enzymes
  • tonofibrils remain after staining process
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19
Q

What helps to make up the stratum basale?

A
  • columnar keratinocytes
  • keratin 5 and 14
  • joined by desmosome and hemidesmosomes
  • high mitotic activity
20
Q

What layer of skin contain keratins 2 and 9, and what other things can you tell me about it?

A
  • stratum granulosum
  • flat nucelated keratinocytes
  • fillagrin induces keratin cross-links
  • have tonofilaments
21
Q

What is in the stratum lucidum?

A
  • flat keratinocytes. no nuclei or organelles
  • contains eleiden
  • only in thick skin
22
Q

Stratum corneum contains what cells and is how many layers thick?

A
  • 5–>50 layers
  • enucleated, flattened, dead keratinocytes
  • keratin replaces the cytoplasm
23
Q

The extracellular cornified cell envelope consists of what?

A

-multi lamellar lipid covalently linked to involucrine

24
Q

What is contained in the intracellular cornified cell envelope?

A
  • involucrine
  • proline rich proteins
  • loricrin
  • fillagrin and keratin.
25
Q

Describe characteristics of the dermis.What type of CT, where is it derived from, and what are its functions?

A
  • dense fibrous irrgeular CT
  • derived from embryonic mesoderm, and forms epidermal derivatives
  • its functions to support the epidermis
26
Q

What tissue makes up the hypodermis, what other cells are contained in this layer?

A
  • loose CT
  • contain fat cells to form the panniculus adiposus
27
Q

What are the two layers of the dermis?

A
  • papillary layer
  • reticular layer
28
Q

What is used to make up the papillary layer?

A
  • loose CT
  • network of fine elastic fibers and abundant capillaries
29
Q

What are involved in the reticular layer of skin? CT, and cell?

A
  • dense irregular CT
  • fibrocytes, macrophages, and adipocytes
30
Q

Where do Langerhans cells come from and what is their primary purpose ?

A
  • dendritic cells derived from monocytes
  • they are antigen-presenting cells
  • contained majorly in stratum spinosum and carry antigens to lymph nodes.
31
Q

What are mechano receptors in stratum germinativum?

A
  • merkel cells that contain catecholamine granules
  • cause vasoconstriction?
32
Q

What do not form desmosome attachments? (cell)

A
  • melanocyte derived from melanoblasts
  • produce melanin: tyrosine–> dopa–>dopaquinone–>melanin

tyrosinase

33
Q

The ectodermal cell divide at week 6 or development to form what components?

A
  • periderm: form vernix caseosa
  • inner cuboidal germinal layer: proliferates to form adult layers

–fingernails at 10wks

–hair bud/tow nails at 12 wks

34
Q

What type of gland are sebaceous glands?

A
  • holocrine gland
  • produce sebum released into the hair follicle. oily material
35
Q

What is the real function of sebum?

A

-produce oil material to maintain flexibility of the hair strands

36
Q

What type of gland are sudoriferous glands (sweat)?

A

-merocrine and apocrine

37
Q

The merocrine sudoriferous glands look like what, and have what ending types?

A
  • coiled, simple tubular secretory portion
  • cholinergic endings.

secrete glycoproteins, water and electrolytes

38
Q

Apocrine sudoriferous glands are found where, and have what types of cells?

A
  • labia majora, areola, axillary and anal regions
  • more viscous secretions
  • adrenergic innervation
  • ceruminous glands and glands of Moll
39
Q

What makes up a hair follicle?

A

-root, free shaft, hair follicle

40
Q

What components are associated with hair follicles?

A
  • sebaceous glands, arrector pili muscle
  • hair bulb which contains matrix and vascular dermal papilla
  • this is the growing portion of hair
41
Q

The down growth of the epidermis helps to form what in the hair follicle?

A

external root sheath

42
Q

The internal root sheath is formed by what?

A

the bulb matrix

43
Q

The hair shaft is formed by what layers?

A
  • medulla
  • cortex
  • cuticle: free edges extend upwards to interlock with the cuticleof root sheaths to lock hair in place.
44
Q

What is a significantly important feature of keratinocyte stem cells?

A

-reestablish erpidermis after a burn

45
Q

What are the migration pathways of th keratinocyte stem cells?

A
  • bulb epidermis stem cell pathway
  • bulb sebaceous gland stem cell
  • bulb hair stem cell pathway
46
Q

What are the signaling pathways to perform teh repair mechanism of kertinocytes stem cell>

A
  • Wnt
  • Notch pathways

Histology (19 decks)

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