Cardiology

Question 1

What are the layers of the heart?

Answer 1

• epicardium( ext layer covered by mesothelium)
• Myocardium: cardiac muscle cells in middles
• endocardium: innermost layer of the cardiac layers

Question 2

The tunica intima consists of endothelium and basal lamina. What factors are produced, and what type of layers are used in the different types or arterioles/arteries?

Answer 2

• produce Van Willebrand’s factor VIII
• found in all elastic/muscular arteries, not smallest arterioles
• internal elastic membrane: not complete in elastic artery for nutrient transfer.

Question 3

Describe the tunica media.

Answer 3

• made of collagen and elastic fibers

- circular smooth muscle tissue and fibroblasts

Question 4

The tunica adventitia

Answer 4

• loose aereolar tissue
• small vessels and nerves (vasa vasorum)
• irregular fibroelastic tissue with adipocytes

Question 5

What are categorized as distributing arteries?

Answer 5

-muscular arteries

Question 6

What arteries are considered conducting arteries?

Answer 6

-the elastic arteries

Question 7

What are 3 examples of elastic arteries and what is their function, and thickness as we age?

Answer 7

• aorta, pulmonary trunk, large aortic branches
• stretch during systole, recoil during diastole
• more layers as an adult, as CT is intersperesed between the elastic lamina

Question 8

What are muscular arteries, and how do they function in the body?

Answer 8

• all arteries except the aorta, aortic branches and pulmonary trunk
• smooth muscle thickness decreases with diameter

Question 9

The tunica media responds to what signals?

Answer 9

-hormones and autonomic nervous system stimulation

Question 10

The arterioles are responsible for controlling the MAP because?

Answer 10

• they are small diameter
• 1to 3 layers of smooth muscle layer
• give rise to metarterioles, with discontinuous smooth muscle tissue layer.

Question 11

What is a pericyte?

Answer 11

• acts as a stem cell to differentiate in to fibroblasts…
• consists of undifferentiated mesenchymal cells
• can be contractive.

Question 12

How do veins differ from arteries?

Answer 12

• larger lumen
• thinner walls
• contain one-way valves

Question 13

Tumor angiogenesis is what?

Answer 13

-growth of vessels from tumors, that secrete growth factors and can pull blood vessels away from other areas of the body.

Question 14

What is the point of the cardiac skeleton, and what type of tissue is it made of?

Answer 14

• Dense collagenous CT,

- Myocardial fibers originate and insert in the cardiac skeleton