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Cardiology > The Pathophysiology Of Atherosclerosis > Flashcards

The Pathophysiology Of Atherosclerosis Flashcards

1
Q

Atherosclerosis does not occur at random. Lesions occur at specific vessel sites such as

A

Bifurcations, Branch Points, and Regions of high curvature

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2
Q

Mechanical arterial endothelial injury causes

A

Atherogenic arterial blood flow patterns

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3
Q

Characterized by low flow, gradients, and flow reversal

A

Atherogenic

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4
Q

Cigarette smoking and diabetes both cause

A

Dyslipidemia

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5
Q

Dyslipidemia from cigarette smoking is caused by

A

Nicotine and oxidizing chemicals

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6
Q

The glycation of EC proteins and lipoproteins seen in diabetes causes

A

Diabetes

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7
Q

Evidence of lipoprotein deposition appears as early as age

A

20

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8
Q

Endothelial dysfunction allows entry and modification of lipids in the

A

Subendothelial space

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9
Q

Function in the absorption of dietary lipids

A

Lipoproteins

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10
Q

Transport triglycerides, cholesterol, and fat-soluble vitamins from the liver to peripheral tissues

A

Lipoproteins

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11
Q

Chylomicrons are formed with the truncated protein

A

ApoB-48

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12
Q

In the blood, what three proteins do chylomicrons acquire from HDL?

A

ApoA, ApoE, and ApoC

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13
Q

Primarily a triglyceride particle that transports dietary triglyceride to adipose tissue and muscle

A

Chylomicrons

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14
Q

What is the lipoprotein content of chylomicrons?

A

ApoC-II and ApoE (from HDL) and ApoB-48

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15
Q

Activated by ApoC-II on the CM surface

-Removes 80-90% of TAG in the muscle and adipose tissue

A

Lipoprotein Lipase

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16
Q

Chylomicrons remnants have ApoE-mediated uptake by

A

Hepatocytes

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17
Q

In the hepatic pathway, triglycerides (60%) and cholesterol (25%) are released as

A

VLDL

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18
Q

VLDL are released with which protein?

A

ApoB-100

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19
Q

ApoE and C as well as cholesterol esters are acquired from

A

HDL

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20
Q

Interacts with LPL to hydrolysis TGs to FFA in the periphery

A

VLDL

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21
Q

50% of VLDL remnants (aka IDLs) are cleared by hepatic receptors that recognize

A

ApoE

22
Q

The remaining VLDL remnants are processed by hepatic triglyceride lipase and LPL to form

A

LDL

23
Q

Most cholesterol in the blood is associated with

A

LDL

24
Q

The normal role of LDL is to deliver cholesterol to the tissues for

A

Biosynthesis

25
Q

What percentage of LDL are picked up by hepatocytes

-Remainder is by peripheral tissue

A

80%

26
Q

LDL contain one apoprotein

A

ApoB-100

27
Q

Has a high proposition of free cholesterol and cholesterol esters

A

LDL

28
Q

LDL is recognized by the LDL receptor. This recognition process requires

A

ApoB-100

29
Q

Involved in reverse cholesterol transport

A

HDL

30
Q

Inherited disorders associated with severe elevations in total and LDL cholesterol result in

A

Accelerated Atherosclerosis

31
Q

Autosomal dominant disorder characterized by severe elevations in total cholesterol and LDL-C

A

Familial Hypercholesterolemia

32
Q

Homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia results in

A

Severely elevated cholesterol levels

33
Q

Total cholesterol in homozygous Familial Hypercholesterolemia (FH) and LDLc levels are

A

Greater than 600 mg/dL

34
Q

What are the LDLc levels in heterozygous FH?

A

Greater than 250 mg/dL

35
Q

93% of cases of FH are due to mutations in the

A

LDL receptor

36
Q

5% of FH cases are due to mutations in

-Inhibits binding of LDL to LDL-R

A

ApoB-100

37
Q

2% of FH cases are due to a gain of function mutation in

-Enhances LDL-R degredation

A

PCSK9

38
Q

Characterized by very high serum triglycerides

-Cholesterol is usually normal

A

Hyperlipoproteinemia (Type 1a)

39
Q

Type 1a hyperlipoproteinemia is due to a deficiency in

A

Lipoprotein lipase OR ApoC-II

40
Q

A clinical manifestation of type 1a hyperlipoproteinemia is

A

Eruptive Xanthomas

41
Q

Proliferation and ECM synthesis helps to stabilize plaques with a

A

Fibrous Cover

42
Q

Persistent inflammation leads to plaque disruption and

A

Vessel Thrombosis

43
Q

Contribute to plaque progression and instability

A

Matrix Metalloproteinases

44
Q

What are 4 modifiable risk factors of atherosclerosis?

A

Dyslipidemia, hypertension, cigarette smoking, and diabetes mellitus

45
Q

Deals with delaying or preventing the onset of atherosclerosis

-Patients have no evidence of vascular disease

A

Primary prevention of atherosclerosis

46
Q

May be. Marker for inflammation associated with atherogenesis

A

C reactive protein

47
Q

Ancient, highly conserved protein that is an acute phase reactant

A

C-reactive protein

48
Q

Released from the liver in response to inflammatory signals (i.e. IL-6)

A

C-reactive protein

49
Q

A marker of inflammation associated with CAD

A

C-reactive protein

50
Q

Similar to LDL and structurally related to plasminogen

A

Lipoprotein (a)

51
Q

Is a 1.5-2x risk factor for CAD

A

Lipoprotein (a)

52
Q

Independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease

A

Homocysteine

Cardiology (27 decks)

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