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AQA A-Level PE > The Neuromuscular System - Applied Anatomy and Physiology (Paper 1) > Flashcards

The Neuromuscular System - Applied Anatomy and Physiology (Paper 1) Flashcards

1
Q

What does the autonomic nervous system regulate

A

The function of our internal organs as such as the heart and controls some of our skeletal muscles within the body

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2
Q

How does the autonomic nervous system work

A

Works involuntarily

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3
Q

How is the movement of muscles controlled by

A

The brain via nerves

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4
Q

What is the neuromuscular system

A

Where the muscles and nervous system work together to allow movement

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5
Q

When do changes in the neuromuscular system take place

A

Before,during and after the exercise

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6
Q

What system are the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems apart of

A

The autonomic nervous system

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7
Q

What is the role of the parasympathetic and sympathetic systems

A

Transmit information from the brain to the parts of the body that need to adjust what they are doing to prepare for exercise

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8
Q

What does the sympathetic system prepare

A

The body for exercise and is often referred to as the fight or flight response

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9
Q

What does the parasympathetic system do

A

Opposite effect of the sympathetic system and relaxes the body and slows down many high energy functions

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10
Q

What are the types of muscle fibres

A

Slow oxidative (type 1 or slow twitch fibres)
Fast oxidative glycolytic (type 2a)
Fast glycolytic (type 2b)

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11
Q

What is the proportion of muscle fibres dependant on

A

Dependant on different people and what sport they play

E.g. elite endurance athletes will have a greater proportion of slow twitch fibres in the leg muscles, whereas elite sprinter will have high proportion of fast twitch fibres in the leg muscles

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12
Q

What are slow twitch fibres

A

-slower contraction speed than fast twitch fibres
-better adapted to lower intensity exercise
-Produce most of their energy anaerobically

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13
Q

What are fast twitch fibres

A

-faster contraction speed than slow twitch fibres
-generate much greater force of contraction
-fatigue very quickly
-produce most energy anaerobically
-two types 2a 2b

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14
Q

What are type 2a fibres

A

-fast oxidative glycolytic
-fibres more resistant to fatigue than 2b
-used for 1500m in athletics where a longer burst of energy is needed

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15
Q

What are type 2b fibres

A

-Fast glycolytic
-fibres fatigue much quicker than type 2a
-used for highly explosive event e.g. 100m

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16
Q

What is the contraction speed of each of the muscle fibres

A

Type 1: Slow (110m/s)
Type 2a: Fast (50m/s)
Type 2b: Fast (50m/s)

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17
Q

What is the motor neurone size in each of the muscle fibres

A

Type 1: Small
Type 2a: Large
Type 2b: Large

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18
Q

What is the motor neurone conduction capacity in each fibre

A

Type 1: Slow
Type 2a: Fast
Type 2b: Fast

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19
Q

What is the force produced in each of the muscle fibres

A

Type 1: low
Type 2a: High
Type 2b: High

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20
Q

What is the fatigability on each if the muscle fibres

A

Type 1:low
Type 2a:medium
Type 2b:High

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21
Q

What is the mitochondrial density in each if the muscle fibres

A

Type 1: high
Type 2a: medium
Type 2b: low

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22
Q

What is the myoglobin content on each if the muscle fibres

A

Type 1: High
Type 2a: medium
Type 2b: low

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23
Q

What is the capillary density in each muscle fibre

A

Type 1:high
Type 2a:medium
Type 2b:low

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24
Q

What is the aerobic capacity on each muscle fibre

A

Type 1:very high
Type 2a:medium
Type 2b:low

25
Q

What is the anaerobic capacity of each muscle fibre

A

Type 1: low
Type 2a: high
Type 2b: very high

26
Q

What is the glycolytic enzyme activity of each muscle fibre

A

Type 1: low
Type 2a: high
Type 2b: very high

27
Q

What is the fibre type determined by

A

Genetics, however it is possible to increase the size of muscle fibres through training (hypertrophy)

28
Q

What are muscle fibres grouped into

A

Motor units

29
Q

What does a motor unit consist of

A

-Motor neurone
- and it’s muscle fibre

30
Q

How many types of muscle fibres can be found in a motor unit

A

Only one muscle fibre can be found in one particular motor unit

31
Q

Muscle fibres work with…

A

The nervous system so that a contraction can occur. The motor neurone transmits the nerve impulse to the muscle fibre

32
Q

Each motor neurone has….

A

Branches that end in the neuromuscular junction on the muscle fibre

33
Q

What is a neuromuscular junction

A

Where the motor neurone and the muscle fibre meet

34
Q

Each muscle is made up of what

A

Many motor units and they vary in size

E.g. a small muscle used for fine movements (like eye movements) will have few motor units. Whereas a large muscle group used for gross motor control (like the quads) will have motor units with a motor neurone feeding hundreds of fibres

35
Q

What is the all or none law

A

Once the motor unit stimulates the muscle fibres either all of them contract or none of them contract

A threshold is required to start a contraction. If the impulses is equal or above the threshold all muscle fibres in a motor unit will contract

36
Q

Is it possible for a motor unit to partially contract

A

No, because the threshold has not been met

37
Q

What is the minimum amount of stimulation to start a contraction called

A

A threshold

38
Q

What happens if the sequence of impulses is equal to or more than the threshold

A

All the muscle fibres in a motor unit will contract

39
Q

What happens if the sequence of impulses is less than the threshold

A

Then no muscle action will occur

40
Q

Define the all or none law

A

Where a sequence of impulses has to be of sufficient intensity to stimulate all of the muscle fibres in a motor unit in order for them to contract. If not none of them will contract

41
Q

What is wave summation

A

Where repeated activation of a neurone stimulating a given muscle results in a greater force of contraction.

The greater the frequency of the stimuli, the greater the tension developed by the muscle.

42
Q

What is need to be present for a muscle to contract

A

Calcium

Calcium is also released when a nerve impulse reaches the muscle cell

43
Q

What happens if calcium builds up in a muscle cell

A

If calcium builds up in a muscle cell, it’s because there are recreated nerve impulses with no time to relax. This produces a forceful, sustained, smooth contraction also known as a tetanic contraction

44
Q

Define tetanic contraction

A

A sustained muscle contraction caused by a series of fast repeating stimuli.

Produces a forceful, sustained, smooth contraction as a result of calcium build up in cell due to no relaxation time

45
Q

What is spatial summation

A
  • the recruitment of additional and bigger motor units within a muscle to develop more force.
  • occurs when impulses are received at the same time at different places on the neurone. This fires the neurone
  • e.g. a basketball player will use lots of large, fast twitch motor units in their quadriceps muscles to try an achieve as much height as possible to get the rebound
46
Q

Define spatial summation

A

When the strength of a contraction changes by altering the number and size in the motor units

47
Q

What does PNF stand for

A

Proprioceptors neuromuscular facilitation

48
Q

What is PNF

A

An advanced stretching technique considered to be one of the most effective forms of flexibility training for increasing range of motion

49
Q

What are the several mechanisms that make PNF possible

A

Muscle spindles
Golgi tendon organs

50
Q

What are muscle spindles

A

-very sensitive proprioceptors that lie between skeletal muscle fibres
-they provide information to the central nervous system about how fast and how far a muscle is being stretched
- the CNS sends an impulse which triggers the stretch reflex
-this reflex action that causes the muscle to contract to prevent over stretching reduces risk of injury

51
Q

Define muscle spindles

A

Proprioceptors that detect how far and how fast a muscle is being stretched and produce the stretch reflex

52
Q

What are the Golgi tendon organs

A

-proprioceptors found in between the muscle fibre and tendon.
-detect levels of tension in muscles
-when muscle is contracted isometrically in PNF they sense the increase in muscle tension
-send inhibitory signals to the brain which allows the antagonist muscle to relax and lengthen-autogenic inhibiton

53
Q

Define Golgi tendon organs

A

Proprioceptors that are activated when there is tension in a muscle

54
Q

Define isometric contraction

A

Where there is tension in a muscle but no visible movement

55
Q

Define autonomic inhibition

A

Where there is a sudden relaxation of the muscle in response to high tension. The receptors involved in this process are Golgi tendon organs

56
Q

What is the first step to PNF

A
  • Individual performs passive stretch. They extends the leg until tension is felt. This is done by the help of a partner
  • If the muscle is being stretched too far then a reflex should happen
57
Q

What is the second step of PNF

A
  • the individual then isometrically contracts the muscle fro at least ten seconds by pushing their leg against their partner who supplies enough resistance to hold the leg in a stationary position
58
Q

What is the third step of PNF

A
  • leg is lifted again and the golgi tendon organs are responsible for the antagonist muscle relaxing which means the leg stretches further
  • process is repeated until no more gains are possible
59
Q

What is the role of the Golgi tendon organs in PNF

A
  • they detect levels of tension in a muscle
  • when a muscle is contracted isometrically in PNF they sense the increase in muscle tension and send inhibitory signals to the brain which allows the antagonist muscle to relax and lengthen and delay the stretch reflex. This is known as autogenic inhibition.

AQA A-Level PE (11 decks)

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