Skill Acquisition (Paper 1) Flashcards
Define skill
a learned ability to bring about predetermined results with the minimum outlay of time, energy or both
Give the meaning of LACE FACE (the characteristics of a skill)
- L learned
- A aesthetically pleasing
- C consistent
- E efficient
- F fluent
- A accurate
- C controlled
- E economical
What is a continuum
A line with a classification extreme at each end
Define a closed skill
A skill not affected by the environment because they are predictable
What is an open skill
Skills that are affected by the unpredictable and changing environment
Example of a closed skill
Javelin - exact timing of the throw is down to the athlete. Javelin is the same weight in a similar environment
Example of an open skill
A rugby tackle - influenced by factors e.g. ball carrier, the tacklers teammate and the position on the pitch
Define a gross skill
A skill that uses large muscle groups used for large movements
Define fine skill
A skill that uses smaller muscle groups for fine movements
Example of gross skill
Rugby tackle
Example of fine skill
Throwing a dart
Define self paced skill
You decide how fast or slow you execute a skill
Define externally paced skill
A skill which the rate of execution is dictated by other people in environment
Example of self paced skill
Baseball pitcher throwing the baseball
Example of externally paced skill
Returning a Serve in tennis
Define discrete skill
A skill that has a clear beginning and end
Define a serial skill
A skill that contains several discrete skills in order to make a more integrated movement
Define a continuous skill
A skill that has no clear beginning or end
What is a high organisation skill
A skill that is not easily broken into parts
Define low organisation skill
A skill that can be easily broken down into parts
Define a simple skill
A skill that requires few decision when being performed
Define a complex skill
A skill that requires decision making using lots of information when performed
Give example of discrete skill
Tennis serve
Give example of serial skill
Gymnastics routines
Give example of continuous skill
Cycling
Give an example of high organisation skill
A volley in football
Give an example of a low organisation skill
Types of strokes in swimming
Give an example of a simple skill
Forward roll
Give an example of a complex skill
Hockey dribbling
Define positive transfer
When the learning of one skill helps the learning of another
Define transfer
The effect of the learning and performance of one skill on the learning and performance of another
What is negative transfer
When the learning of one skill hinders the learning of another
What is zero transfer
When the learning if one skill has no impact on the learning of another
What is bilateral transfer
When the learning of one skill is passed across the body from limb to limb
Give an example of positive transfer
- the netball pass has a similar action to the basketball pass
Give an example of negative transfer
- The tennis serve may have a negative effect on the badminton serve
Give an example of zero transfer
The swimming arm action and the foot placement in rock climbing has nothing in common and therefore there is no transfer affect between them
Give an example of bilateral transfer
A right footed footballer would be encourage to use the left foot when required, so that the impact of a shot from the left foot becomes equal to the impact of a shot with the right foot
How does a coach ensure positive transfer
- making sure training is realistic e.g. replacing cones/rugby tackle bags for real people
- make sure a skill is well learned before moving onto a more advanced skill so the player experience a slow planned progression
- reward and reinforce the players for the correct adaptation of positive transfer e.g. praise
What are the three methods of presenting practice
- whole practice
- whole-part-whole practice
- progressive part practice
What is whole practice
- Presenting the skill in its entirety without breaking it down into sub routines
- ideal way to teach because it promotes understanding an establishes links between sub routines leading to fluency
When should a coach use whole practice
- fast, discrete skill
- highly organised skill
- simple skill
- to build kinaesthesis as the learner develops to be ready to do the skill
- autonomous stage of learning (performer)
- when links between sub routines need to be maintained or be performed in specific order e.g. trampoline routine
What are the advantages of whole practice
- creates fluency and consistency
- helps create specific images to be stored as a motor programme
- more realistic than part practice so helps produce effects of positive transfer
What are the disadvantages of whole practice
- may lead to unnecessary demands on the performer who may not be able to cope with all the aspects of the skill at once
- possibility of fatigue if there are no breaks
- may be too much information to process
What is whole part whole practice
Assessing the skill, identifying a weakness to practise, then putting the skill back together
When should you use whole part whole practice
- when a beginner is doing a complex task and may need to concentrate on a certain part to progress
- complex
- difficult to isolate parts of the skill yet there is still a weakness
- fast/ballistic skill
What are the advantages of whole part practice
- motivation when success is achieved after weakness is achieved
- provided immediate feedback and therefore corrects errors and integrate the part into the whole action
- fluency and integration of the sub-routines can be maintained while errors are corrected
What are the disadvantages of whole-part-whole practice
- may produce negative transfer effects unless the coach integrates the part back into the whole during the same session
- coach has to link the part back to the whole as soon as it is rectified
- time consuming
What is progressive part practice
Practising the first part of the skill then adding the following parts gradually
When should you use progressive part practice
- serial skills when the order of the skill is important and links need to be made
- may also be used for dangerous skills
- low organised skill
- complex skill
- externally paced
What are the advantages of progressive part practice
- learner is allowed to focus on one aspect of the task and potentially correct specific weaknesses
- learner can rest so no fatigue
- success in each part can increase motivation levels
- builds initial understanding and may improve confidence
What are the disadvantages of progressive part practice
- time consuming
- may neglect the feel of the whole task and ignores links between sub routines
- danger of negative transfer between each sequence of the skill as the coach should ensure that the first part is learned well before progressing
What are the types of practice
- massed practice
- distributed practice
- varied practice
- mental practice
What is massed practice
Practice with no rest breaks
When should you use massed practice
- discrete, simple, closed skill
What are the advantages of massed practice
- makes the skill almost automatic so fixed responses become habitual and the player can repeat the skill consistently
- motor programmes can be stored easily to be recalled in the future
- efficient use of time
What are the disadvantages of massed practice
- can produce fatigue
- danger of negative transfer unless the coach makes the practice conditions similar to the real game
- high demands on the player so the coach should make sure to keep practise simple and therefore motivated to keep repeating the drills
What is distributed practice
Practice with rest intervals
When should distributed practice be used
- when the skill is continuous and performer may need a break
What are the advantages of distributed practice
- takes pressure away from performer and allows recuperation after a tough session
- good fro beginners, allows controlled progress to be made at the pace of the performer
- feedback can be given in rest breaks
- can provide motivation when praise is given by the coach during the interval
- safe way of practising dangerous activities
What are the disadvantages of distributed practice
- time consuming
- may not be useful for experts who over learn their skills
- danger of negative transfer
What is varied practice
Changing the practice type and the practice drills so players learn to adapt to changes in the environment
When should varied practice be used
- open, externally paced skill
What are the advantages of varied practice
- allows players to adapt their skills to changing environments
- variety of drills prevent the players becoming stale
- may add fun drills to the session and success in these games can increase motivation
- builds schema
What are the disadvantages of varied practice
- time consuming
- danger of negative transfer unless changing drills are integrated into the aims of the practice session
- may place unnecessary demands on the player if they are given too may things to think of
- danger of fatigue
What is mental practice
Doing the skill in your mind without movement
When should mental practice be used
- before a major event or part of a training programme between periods of practice
- best when combined with physical practice
- apart of the warm-up
What are the advantages of mental practice
- improves confidence and lowers anxiety
- can improve reaction time as there is evidence that it stimulates muscle receptors
- can develop cognitive ability and improves the decision making of a player
- can be done when the player is injured, helping the memory of a skill
What are the disadvantages of mental practice
- Must be correct
- environment must be calm
Give an example fro where whole practice should be used
Tennis serve
Give an example for where whole part whole should be used
Golf swing when the performer has a poor grip
Give an example where progressive practice should be used
A dance routine
Give an example where massed practice should be used
Free throw in basketball
Give an example where distributed practice should be used
A swimmer practising stroke technique
Give a example where varied practice would be useful
Players practising a pass in football
Give an example where mental practice would be useful
A trampolinist going over the routine in their head
What is learning
A permanent change in behaviour as a result of practice
What is performance
A temporary occurrence influenced by other internal and external factors