Sport and Society (Paper 1) Flashcards
What was life like in pre-industrial Britain?
-Clear Class division
-People lived in Rural areas
-Limited Free time
-Cruel violent conditions
-Wide Spread illiteracy
-Communication and Transport were limited
What is Feudal System
a way structuring society around a relationship derived from the holding of land in exchange for service of labour
What is popular recreations
The sport and pastimes of people in pre industrial Britain
How often were popular recreation played
Very occasionally, on days such as Christmas, Easter Sunday etc. this is due to the long hours of the working class
How big were popular recreations
They were local and specific to each community, the area they lived and the natural resources available.
What were the rules like in sport in the pre industrial times
Rules were very basic and applied to a particular community
What were activities like in pre industrial Britain
-Male dominated
-Reflected a harsh society
-Lots of damage to property
-Lots of injuries
-Activities were aggressive
How did limited transport impact sport in pre industrial Britain
It meant that players couldn’t attend games that were far away due to the only mode of transport available for them was to walk.
How did illiteracy impact sport in pre industrial Britain
It meant they couldn’t understand the rules of the game due to their little knowledge
How did a harsh society impact sport in pre industrial Britain
Many participators would let out their anger due to poor working conditions and long hours
How did long working hours impact sport in pre industrial Britain
Long hours lead to little free time and little free time meant that participators didn’t have time to practise and play the sport
How did class division impact sport in pre industrial Britain
Due to the cost of different sports it meant many people didn’t have the money to buy equipment etc.
How did simple rules impact sport in the pre industrial era
Rules have to be precise. Simple rules aren’t precise and this causes confusion on what is and isn’t allowed. This can cause injuries.
How did violence in sport impact sport in the pre industrial Britain
Violence would lead to dangerous actions in the game and this could lead to injuries. Additionally this violence wasn’t regulated meaning that these actions weren’t punishable
Why was sport occasional
Long hours for lower class worker
How did sports at occasions impact sport in the pre industrial era
Sport would be played very occasionally on days such as Christmas, Easter Sunday etc. this meant that sport wouldn’t be played much at all meaning players couldn’t better their skills to improve their overall game
How did sport played in rural areas impact sport in pre industrial Britain
Sport played in rural areas meant that the resources were limited, cities weren’t formed yet and therefore meant the resources in the area is all they had to play sport.
Who played mob football
Lower class, reflects a clear division of society (two tiers)
Where was mob football played
It was localised due to limited transport and little development in communications such as newspapers.
How was mob football played
In fields using natural resources available to them e.g pigs bladder
When was mob football played
Long working hours meant that the lower class only played mob football occasionally
What was mob football like
It was male dominated
Very violent
Unruly in nature
Illiterate - meant rules were simple
Who played Real Tennis
Played by the upper class males of the society.
How was Real Tennis played
It was played to a high moral code, so it lacked violence and was instead played in a civilised manner, with opponents mutually respectful of one another
When was Real Tennis played
With loads of free time, the upper class were able to play real tennis on a regular basis
Where was it played
Purpose-built facilities and using specialist equipment
What was real tennis like
It was a skilful game with difficult technical demands, which enabled the upper class to show their ‘superiority’ over the lower class
Who took part in athletics
Footmen (hired servants) competed as messengers for the upper class for their speed of movement across open land
What is a Patron
A member of the gentry who looked after the lower class performers by finding competitions etc.
What were the characteristics of popular recreation linked to pre industrial festivals include
-Rules were simple
-They occurred annually
-Betting
-set in a rural location
-events were local
Why were popular recreations banned in the 19th century
-They led to death or injury in some cases
-led to loads of property damage
-they were linked to alcohol consumption
-involved with gambling
-they were violent and unruly in nature
Define rational recreation
sports pastimes for the lower classes which were designed by the middle class to be well ordered, organised and controlled
What does ‘rational recreations’ suggest
suggests a level of order, logic and structure began to be applied to sports reflecting a more ordered industrially based society
Who was Dr William Penny Brookes
Founder of the Wenlock Olympian Games in 1850
What was the industrial revolution
mid 18th century - mid 19th century. This period marked a change in Britain from a feudal rural society into an industrialised machine based capitalist society controlled by a powerful urban middle class
What was the influence of the industrial revolution on sport in the first half of the 19th century
H - poor Health and Hygiene
I - lack of Income
T - lack of Time
F - Facility provision was lacking
O - Overcrowding
R - loss of Rights
How did migration of lower classes into urban areas affect sport in the industrial revolution
- Lower classes moved to urban area to look for work where new factories were built
- led to a loss space to play traditional mob games and overcrowding
How did a lack of leisure time affect sport in the industrial revolution
- shift from seasonal to machine time lead to long 12 hour working days 6 days a week
- the sabbath was a religious observance ‘day of rest’
- so no time to practice or play
How did a lack of income affect sport in the industrial revolution
Low wages and poverty meant little spare income for leisure pursuits
How did poor health affect sport in the industrial revolution
poor working and living conditions and a lack of hygiene meant that people had little energy to play sport
How did a loss of rights affect sport in the industrial revolution
restrictions were placed on mob games and blood sports by changes in criminal laws
How did a lack of provisions affect sport in the industrial revolution
No access to private facilities or no personal equipment for the lower classes
In the second half of the 19th century there were improvements to society what were they
- Health and hygiene improved
- increase in wages and spare time
- development of middle class
- influence of ex-public schoolboys
- industrial patronage
- improved and cheaper transport and communication
Define industrial patronage
Factory teams were set up by factory owners as a way of decreasing absenteeism and encouraging loyalty in the workforce
How did the development of the middle class improve society and sport in industrial revolution
- middle class = self made men who took advantage of business opportunities
- changed ways of behaving and playing sport and was played to high moral code
- developed strict rules, league, competitions
- provided facilities via their involvement in the local council
- gave more time off work and broken time payments
Define urbanisation
Large numbers of people migrating/moving from rural areas into towns and cities, seeking regular work in the factories
Urbanisation led to….
- lack of space
- large working class populations
- loss of traditional sports
- change in working conditions
What effect did the transport revolution have on sport
- Movement of team/spectators due to faster and further travel
- improved access to different parts of the country
- cheaper train travel allowed working class to support and travel with their teams home and away
How did communications affect sport in industrial revolution
- communications improved as society became more literate
- it increased knowledge and awareness of sport (when fixtures would take place and results etc.)
- led to emergence of sporting heroes and role models
What influence did the church have on sport
- encouraged social control through civilised activities and away from gambling and drinking
- used sport to promote Christian values and increase church attendance
- church organised teams and competitions to allow for participation and provided facilities
How did the middle class support developments in sport
- codification
- competitions
- public provisions
- increased leisure time
- move to ‘professionalism’
Define codification
The gradual organisation and defining of the rules
Define philanthropists
Kind, generous middle-class individuals who had a social conscience and were keen to try provide for a better life among the working class
How did the move to professionalism develop sport following the emergence of the middle class
- the middle class helped development of early commercial/professional sport
- e.g. acting as agents, promoters, factory owners setting up factory teams and paying broken time payments
How did the British empire spread sport
Through..
- teachers
- industrialists/factory owners
- clergy
- officers in British army
- diplomats
How did teachers of the British empire spread sport
They developed teams and taught traditional sporting values in schools throughout the empire
How did industrialists/factory owners of the British empire spread sport
They set up teams and gave workers time off to play competitive sport nationally and internationally
How did the clergy of the British empire spread sport
They developed church teams or became missionaries and took sport abroad (good social control/morality etc.)
How did the officers of the British empire spread sport
They used sport with the armed services and spread sport throughout the empire
How did diplomats of the British empire spread sport
They travelled the world and took sport with them
Define public provision
Local council provision of facilities for the masses to participate
What is an NGB
National Governing Body
Why did NGBs start to form in the mid to late 19th century
- more clubs forming
- more fixtures required
- more leagues required
- maintenance of control of sport among upper/middle classes
- maintain amateur ideal
- threats of professionalism/commercialisation
- rules and codification required to become nationally agreed
Define rational recreation
Involves the post-industrial development of sport. It was characterised by a number of features including respectability, regularity, strict administration and codification
What were the characteristics of rational recreation
- respectable (fair play)
- regular (increased free time and transport)
- rule-based (more literate/administrated society)
- amateurism/professionalism (class structure, spectatorism)
- purpose built facilities (lack of space, industrial patronage)
- played regionally/nationally/internationally (improved transport)
- gambling controlled (increased law and order in capalist economy)
- impact of religion (muscular Christianity influenced over free time)
- impact of revolutions (urban/industrial)
Define amateur
A person who plays sport for the love of it and receives no financial gain
Define professional
A person who plays sport for the financial gain
What were the values associated with amateurs
- ‘manliness’
- appreciating the value of health and fitness
- appreciating the value of rule-regulated activity
- high moral integrity
What were the characteristics of a gentleman’s amateur
- beings respected member of society
- belonging to the social elite (wealth and free time)
- playing a range of sports
- playing sport to a high moral code
What were the positive impacts of amateurism
- Elite sport was run and dominated by the upper and middle class
- adhered to code of ethics, playing sport to set of moral values
- belonging to the social elite
- amateurs were the ‘elite performers’
What were the characteristics of the working-class professional
- Working class
- Poor
- Little free time
- Committed to train and perform as well as possible
- low morality (open to bribes/would cheat to win etc.)
What were the positive impacts of 19th century professionalism
- broken time payments (working class could play sport and receive payments for doing so)
- performance based pay for early pro’s in walking and running increased standard of performance
- due to early commercialisation working class saw sport as a form of social mobility
What were the key features of the early 20th century amateurs
- High status
- controllers of sport
- top performers
- highly moral
What are the key features of modern day amateurs
- lower status
- some high level performers aren’t professionals
- blurring of amateur and professional distinctions
- performance at the top level in most sports is now open to all
- some amateurs receive financial to pay for training expenses
What the positives of modern day amateurism
- codes of amateurism still evident
- still viewed positively and promoted
- some sport shave their codes of conduct based on amateurism
What factors are responsible for the growth of modern day professionals
- all classes can compete
- people now respected for their talents
- high rewards for professionals through media and sponsorship
- professionals have more time to train
- positive role models acts as motivators
Define society
An organised group of people associated for some specific purpose or with a shared common interest
Give examples where sporting success impacts society
- the ashes (Australia a former colony of England look to beat england in cricket)
- USA vs Russia (rivalry used to prove political supremacy between the two superpowers)
What is socialisation
- A lifelong process where members of a society learn its norms, values, ideas, practice and roles in order to take their place in that society
- two types; primary and secondary
What is primary socialisation
Socialisation during the early years of childhood which takes place mainly within the immediate family
What is secondary socialisation
Occurs during the later years when the family is less involved and other agencies are deliberately set up for the socialisation process to begin
What is gender socialisation
The act of learning to conform to culturally defined gender role through socialisation
What is social control
A concept that refers to the way in which peoples thoughts, feelings, appearance and behaviour are regulated in society
What effects does social control have on society and sport
Historically society has been male dominated, with restrictions on what women can or can’t do. Nowadays the constraints are less however milder forms of social control exist in the form of what is deemed to be gender appropriate
E.g. disapproval from a husband or partner might persuade women to limit their ability and play sports such as netball rather than rugby
Give examples of how women are socially controlled to not play sports
- social control from media and peers to ‘look feminine’ and maintain a slim appearance lead to rule out playing sports like rugby and weightlifting as they require muscular development which is seen as unfeminine
- guilt about leaving a their child can tend to give up previous leisure pursuits
- lack of free time and income can act as agents of social control
What is social change
- An alteration in the social order of a society
- occurs when institutions re-adjust to meet the new need of groups in a society
What are social issues
Problems that affect many people within a society
What is social inequality
The unfair situation where resources and opportunities are distributed unevenly within a society
What are the causes of social inequality
- lack of money
- lack of confidence
- lack of role models to aspire to as participants
- stereotypes in some sections of society about the capabilities of some groups in society
What is social stratification
- A type of social inequality where society is divided into different levels on the basis of a social characteristic, such as wealth or status
- in other words those at the top have greater access to resources/opportunities than those who are at the bottom
How does social stratification affect participation in sport
- The realities of the ‘real world’ and peoples relative positions in the social class hierarchy do affect peoples involvement in sport.
- E.g. type of school you go to (state or private) can affect what sport you play, how much time is devoted to playing it, quality of coaching etc.
What is social class
A term used to define social inequality e.g. certain groups have more access wealth income power than others.
What factors can affect social class
- job
- family background
- education
What are equal opportunities
The right to access the same opportunities, regardless of factors such as race, age, sex, mental or physical capability
What is prejudice
To form an unfavourable opinion of an individual, often based on inadequate facts
What is discrimination
The unfair treatment of a person or, minority group; to make a distinction and act on prejudice
What is stereotyping
A standardised image; making simple generalisations about all members of group which allows others to categories them and treat them accordingly
What are the two types of discrimination
Overt - visible discrimination
Covert - hidden less obvious
What are the individual health benefits to raising participation in sport
- increased health and fitness
- lower body weight
- lower blood pressure
- raised self esteem
What are the health benefits to society as a result of raising participation in sport
- lower obesity levels
- less strain on the NHS
What are the individual social benefits to raising participation in sport
- improved social skills
- able to make more friends
What are the social benefits to society as a results of raising participation in sport
- increased community integration
- improved community morale
What are the individual benefits of raising participation on crime
- more positive use of free time
What are the benefits to society on crime as a result of raising participation in sport
- lower crime stats
What are the individual benefits to employment as a result of increasing participation in sport
- increased productivity at work
- lower absenteeism
What are the benefits to society on employment as a result of raising participation in sport
- workplace/employer benefits as less time off work/ higher productivity rates
What are the individual economic benefits as a result of increasing participation in sport
- increase spending in healthy pursuits
What are the benefits to society economically as a result of raising participation
- more money is out into the economy via increased leisure spend
What are the barriers to participation
- time
- negative social influences
- motivation
- skill
- resources/costs etc.
- family obligations/domestic responsibilities
What are the solutions to the barriers of participation
Time - add physical activity to your daily routine
Negative social influences - invite friends and family
Motivation - invite friends
Skill - select activities requiring few or no skills e.g. running
Resources/costs - select activities which require few facilities/limited equipment
Family obligations - exercise with the family
What are the three target groups where there is a lack of involvement in sport
- disabled
- women
- ethnic minorities
What are the barriers to participation for disable people
- negative self-image
- low income levels
- lack of access into facilities
- lack of organised programmes
- low levels of media coverage (no role models)
- lack of qualified coaches
What are the solutions to the barriers of participation amongst disabled people
- provide more chances for success
- increased investment
- transport to facilities adn increased accessibility into the facilities
- increased media coverage
- more specialist coaches
What is a disability
A term used when impairment adversely affects performances
What is race
the physical characteristics of an individual
What is racism
A set of beliefs or ideas based on the assumption that races have distinct hereditary characteristics that give som races an intrinsic superiority over others
What are ethnic groups
People who have racial, religious or linguistic traits in common
What are examples of racism in sport
- Channelling
- Stacking
What is stacking
The disproportionate concentration of ethnic minorities in certain positions in a sports team, which tends to be based on the stereotypes that they are more valuable for their physicality than their decision making and communication qualities
What is channelling
Ethnic minorities may be pushed into certain sports and even certain positions within a team, based on assumptions about them
What are the possible causes of under-representation of ethnic groups in sport
- conflict with religious commitments
- higher value placed on education
- fear of racism
- fewer role models to aspire to
- fear of rejection
- language barriers
What are possible solutions to under-representation of ethnic groups in sport
- educating coaches about the effects of stereotyping
- publicising and severely punishing racist abuse
- organising campaigns
What are the possible causes to under-representation of women in sport
- lack of time and money
- school PE programmes
- lack of teams and leagues
- stereotypical myths
- fewer role models
- less media coverage
What are the possible solutions to under-representation of women in sport
- enforce laws against sexual discrimination
- encourage greater social acceptance of women having opportunities in sports
- increased media coverage
- increased sponsorship
- more clubs for women
What are the health benefits to raising participation
- deceased risk of heart diseases
- avoidance of high/low blood pressure
- decreased risk of type 2 diabetes
- maintain a heathy weight
- strengthening bones and muscles
- improved mental health
What are the fitness benefits to raising participation
- improved posture
- improved cardiovascular fitness
- improved muscular strength
- improved Flexibility
- improved balance/agility
- improved speed/power
What are the social benefits to raising participation
- raised levels of chemicals like endorphins and serotonin which have a calming effect on the body
- boosts a persons mood can lead to increased concentration
- self-esteem improves and involvement in sport is more likely
- sport introduces us to new people who share a common interest
What is the aim of sport England
Helping people and communities create a sporting habit
How do sport England achieve their aim
- create more opportunities for young people to play sport
- nurture and develop talent
- provide the facilities where they are needed
- support local authorities
- help partners like NGBs to deliver sporting opportunities to as may people as possible
