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AQA A-Level PE > Sport and Society (Paper 1) > Flashcards

Sport and Society (Paper 1) Flashcards

1
Q

What was life like in pre-industrial Britain?

A

-Clear Class division
-People lived in Rural areas
-Limited Free time
-Cruel violent conditions
-Wide Spread illiteracy
-Communication and Transport were limited

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2
Q

What is Feudal System

A

a way structuring society around a relationship derived from the holding of land in exchange for service of labour

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3
Q

What is popular recreations

A

The sport and pastimes of people in pre industrial Britain

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4
Q

How often were popular recreation played

A

Very occasionally, on days such as Christmas, Easter Sunday etc. this is due to the long hours of the working class

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5
Q

How big were popular recreations

A

They were local and specific to each community, the area they lived and the natural resources available.

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6
Q

What were the rules like in sport in the pre industrial times

A

Rules were very basic and applied to a particular community

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7
Q

What were activities like in pre industrial Britain

A

-Male dominated
-Reflected a harsh society
-Lots of damage to property
-Lots of injuries
-Activities were aggressive

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8
Q

How did limited transport impact sport in pre industrial Britain

A

It meant that players couldn’t attend games that were far away due to the only mode of transport available for them was to walk.

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9
Q

How did illiteracy impact sport in pre industrial Britain

A

It meant they couldn’t understand the rules of the game due to their little knowledge

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10
Q

How did a harsh society impact sport in pre industrial Britain

A

Many participators would let out their anger due to poor working conditions and long hours

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11
Q

How did long working hours impact sport in pre industrial Britain

A

Long hours lead to little free time and little free time meant that participators didn’t have time to practise and play the sport

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12
Q

How did class division impact sport in pre industrial Britain

A

Due to the cost of different sports it meant many people didn’t have the money to buy equipment etc.

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13
Q

How did simple rules impact sport in the pre industrial era

A

Rules have to be precise. Simple rules aren’t precise and this causes confusion on what is and isn’t allowed. This can cause injuries.

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14
Q

How did violence in sport impact sport in the pre industrial Britain

A

Violence would lead to dangerous actions in the game and this could lead to injuries. Additionally this violence wasn’t regulated meaning that these actions weren’t punishable

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15
Q

Why was sport occasional

A

Long hours for lower class worker

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16
Q

How did sports at occasions impact sport in the pre industrial era

A

Sport would be played very occasionally on days such as Christmas, Easter Sunday etc. this meant that sport wouldn’t be played much at all meaning players couldn’t better their skills to improve their overall game

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17
Q

How did sport played in rural areas impact sport in pre industrial Britain

A

Sport played in rural areas meant that the resources were limited, cities weren’t formed yet and therefore meant the resources in the area is all they had to play sport.

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18
Q

Who played mob football

A

Lower class, reflects a clear division of society (two tiers)

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19
Q

Where was mob football played

A

It was localised due to limited transport and little development in communications such as newspapers.

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20
Q

How was mob football played

A

In fields using natural resources available to them e.g pigs bladder

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21
Q

When was mob football played

A

Long working hours meant that the lower class only played mob football occasionally

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22
Q

What was mob football like

A

It was male dominated
Very violent
Unruly in nature
Illiterate - meant rules were simple

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23
Q

Who played Real Tennis

A

Played by the upper class males of the society.

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24
Q

How was Real Tennis played

A

It was played to a high moral code, so it lacked violence and was instead played in a civilised manner, with opponents mutually respectful of one another

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25
Q

When was Real Tennis played

A

With loads of free time, the upper class were able to play real tennis on a regular basis

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26
Q

Where was it played

A

Purpose-built facilities and using specialist equipment

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27
Q

What was real tennis like

A

It was a skilful game with difficult technical demands, which enabled the upper class to show their ‘superiority’ over the lower class

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28
Q

Who took part in athletics

A

Footmen (hired servants) competed as messengers for the upper class for their speed of movement across open land

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29
Q

What is a Patron

A

A member of the gentry who looked after the lower class performers by finding competitions etc.

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30
Q

What were the characteristics of popular recreation linked to pre industrial festivals include

A

-Rules were simple
-They occurred annually
-Betting
-set in a rural location
-events were local

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31
Q

Why were popular recreations banned in the 19th century

A

-They led to death or injury in some cases
-led to loads of property damage
-they were linked to alcohol consumption
-involved with gambling
-they were violent and unruly in nature

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32
Q

Define rational recreation

A

sports pastimes for the lower classes which were designed by the middle class to be well ordered, organised and controlled

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33
Q

What does ‘rational recreations’ suggest

A

suggests a level of order, logic and structure began to be applied to sports reflecting a more ordered industrially based society

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34
Q

Who was Dr William Penny Brookes

A

Founder of the Wenlock Olympian Games in 1850

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35
Q

What was the industrial revolution

A

mid 18th century - mid 19th century. This period marked a change in Britain from a feudal rural society into an industrialised machine based capitalist society controlled by a powerful urban middle class

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36
Q

What was the influence of the industrial revolution on sport in the first half of the 19th century

A

H - poor Health and Hygiene
I - lack of Income
T - lack of Time
F - Facility provision was lacking
O - Overcrowding
R - loss of Rights

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37
Q

How did migration of lower classes into urban areas affect sport in the industrial revolution

A
  • Lower classes moved to urban area to look for work where new factories were built
  • led to a loss space to play traditional mob games and overcrowding
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38
Q

How did a lack of leisure time affect sport in the industrial revolution

A
  • shift from seasonal to machine time lead to long 12 hour working days 6 days a week
  • the sabbath was a religious observance ‘day of rest’
  • so no time to practice or play
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39
Q

How did a lack of income affect sport in the industrial revolution

A

Low wages and poverty meant little spare income for leisure pursuits

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40
Q

How did poor health affect sport in the industrial revolution

A

poor working and living conditions and a lack of hygiene meant that people had little energy to play sport

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41
Q

How did a loss of rights affect sport in the industrial revolution

A

restrictions were placed on mob games and blood sports by changes in criminal laws

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42
Q

How did a lack of provisions affect sport in the industrial revolution

A

No access to private facilities or no personal equipment for the lower classes

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43
Q

In the second half of the 19th century there were improvements to society what were they

A
  • Health and hygiene improved
  • increase in wages and spare time
  • development of middle class
  • influence of ex-public schoolboys
  • industrial patronage
  • improved and cheaper transport and communication
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44
Q

Define industrial patronage

A

Factory teams were set up by factory owners as a way of decreasing absenteeism and encouraging loyalty in the workforce

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45
Q

How did the development of the middle class improve society and sport in industrial revolution

A
  • middle class = self made men who took advantage of business opportunities
  • changed ways of behaving and playing sport and was played to high moral code
  • developed strict rules, league, competitions
  • provided facilities via their involvement in the local council
  • gave more time off work and broken time payments
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46
Q

Define urbanisation

A

Large numbers of people migrating/moving from rural areas into towns and cities, seeking regular work in the factories

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47
Q

Urbanisation led to….

A
  • lack of space
  • large working class populations
  • loss of traditional sports
  • change in working conditions
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48
Q

What effect did the transport revolution have on sport

A
  • Movement of team/spectators due to faster and further travel
  • improved access to different parts of the country
  • cheaper train travel allowed working class to support and travel with their teams home and away
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49
Q

How did communications affect sport in industrial revolution

A
  • communications improved as society became more literate
  • it increased knowledge and awareness of sport (when fixtures would take place and results etc.)
  • led to emergence of sporting heroes and role models
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50
Q

What influence did the church have on sport

A
  • encouraged social control through civilised activities and away from gambling and drinking
  • used sport to promote Christian values and increase church attendance
  • church organised teams and competitions to allow for participation and provided facilities
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51
Q

How did the middle class support developments in sport

A
  • codification
  • competitions
  • public provisions
  • increased leisure time
  • move to ‘professionalism’
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52
Q

Define codification

A

The gradual organisation and defining of the rules

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53
Q

Define philanthropists

A

Kind, generous middle-class individuals who had a social conscience and were keen to try provide for a better life among the working class

54
Q

How did the move to professionalism develop sport following the emergence of the middle class

A
  • the middle class helped development of early commercial/professional sport
  • e.g. acting as agents, promoters, factory owners setting up factory teams and paying broken time payments
55
Q

How did the British empire spread sport

A

Through..
- teachers
- industrialists/factory owners
- clergy
- officers in British army
- diplomats

56
Q

How did teachers of the British empire spread sport

A

They developed teams and taught traditional sporting values in schools throughout the empire

57
Q

How did industrialists/factory owners of the British empire spread sport

A

They set up teams and gave workers time off to play competitive sport nationally and internationally

58
Q

How did the clergy of the British empire spread sport

A

They developed church teams or became missionaries and took sport abroad (good social control/morality etc.)

59
Q

How did the officers of the British empire spread sport

A

They used sport with the armed services and spread sport throughout the empire

60
Q

How did diplomats of the British empire spread sport

A

They travelled the world and took sport with them

61
Q

Define public provision

A

Local council provision of facilities for the masses to participate

62
Q

What is an NGB

A

National Governing Body

63
Q

Why did NGBs start to form in the mid to late 19th century

A
  • more clubs forming
  • more fixtures required
  • more leagues required
  • maintenance of control of sport among upper/middle classes
  • maintain amateur ideal
  • threats of professionalism/commercialisation
  • rules and codification required to become nationally agreed
64
Q

Define rational recreation

A

Involves the post-industrial development of sport. It was characterised by a number of features including respectability, regularity, strict administration and codification

65
Q

What were the characteristics of rational recreation

A
  • respectable (fair play)
  • regular (increased free time and transport)
  • rule-based (more literate/administrated society)
  • amateurism/professionalism (class structure, spectatorism)
  • purpose built facilities (lack of space, industrial patronage)
  • played regionally/nationally/internationally (improved transport)
  • gambling controlled (increased law and order in capalist economy)
  • impact of religion (muscular Christianity influenced over free time)
  • impact of revolutions (urban/industrial)
66
Q

Define amateur

A

A person who plays sport for the love of it and receives no financial gain

67
Q

Define professional

A

A person who plays sport for the financial gain

68
Q

What were the values associated with amateurs

A
  • ‘manliness’
  • appreciating the value of health and fitness
  • appreciating the value of rule-regulated activity
  • high moral integrity
69
Q

What were the characteristics of a gentleman’s amateur

A
  • beings respected member of society
  • belonging to the social elite (wealth and free time)
  • playing a range of sports
  • playing sport to a high moral code
70
Q

What were the positive impacts of amateurism

A
  • Elite sport was run and dominated by the upper and middle class
  • adhered to code of ethics, playing sport to set of moral values
  • belonging to the social elite
  • amateurs were the ‘elite performers’
71
Q

What were the characteristics of the working-class professional

A
  • Working class
  • Poor
  • Little free time
  • Committed to train and perform as well as possible
  • low morality (open to bribes/would cheat to win etc.)
72
Q

What were the positive impacts of 19th century professionalism

A
  • broken time payments (working class could play sport and receive payments for doing so)
  • performance based pay for early pro’s in walking and running increased standard of performance
  • due to early commercialisation working class saw sport as a form of social mobility
73
Q

What were the key features of the early 20th century amateurs

A
  • High status
  • controllers of sport
  • top performers
  • highly moral
74
Q

What are the key features of modern day amateurs

A
  • lower status
  • some high level performers aren’t professionals
  • blurring of amateur and professional distinctions
  • performance at the top level in most sports is now open to all
  • some amateurs receive financial to pay for training expenses
75
Q

What the positives of modern day amateurism

A
  • codes of amateurism still evident
  • still viewed positively and promoted
  • some sport shave their codes of conduct based on amateurism
76
Q

What factors are responsible for the growth of modern day professionals

A
  • all classes can compete
  • people now respected for their talents
  • high rewards for professionals through media and sponsorship
  • professionals have more time to train
  • positive role models acts as motivators
77
Q

Define society

A

An organised group of people associated for some specific purpose or with a shared common interest

78
Q

Give examples where sporting success impacts society

A
  • the ashes (Australia a former colony of England look to beat england in cricket)
  • USA vs Russia (rivalry used to prove political supremacy between the two superpowers)
79
Q

What is socialisation

A
  • A lifelong process where members of a society learn its norms, values, ideas, practice and roles in order to take their place in that society
  • two types; primary and secondary
80
Q

What is primary socialisation

A

Socialisation during the early years of childhood which takes place mainly within the immediate family

81
Q

What is secondary socialisation

A

Occurs during the later years when the family is less involved and other agencies are deliberately set up for the socialisation process to begin

82
Q

What is gender socialisation

A

The act of learning to conform to culturally defined gender role through socialisation

83
Q

What is social control

A

A concept that refers to the way in which peoples thoughts, feelings, appearance and behaviour are regulated in society

84
Q

What effects does social control have on society and sport

A

Historically society has been male dominated, with restrictions on what women can or can’t do. Nowadays the constraints are less however milder forms of social control exist in the form of what is deemed to be gender appropriate

E.g. disapproval from a husband or partner might persuade women to limit their ability and play sports such as netball rather than rugby

85
Q

Give examples of how women are socially controlled to not play sports

A
  • social control from media and peers to ‘look feminine’ and maintain a slim appearance lead to rule out playing sports like rugby and weightlifting as they require muscular development which is seen as unfeminine
  • guilt about leaving a their child can tend to give up previous leisure pursuits
  • lack of free time and income can act as agents of social control
86
Q

What is social change

A
  • An alteration in the social order of a society
  • occurs when institutions re-adjust to meet the new need of groups in a society
87
Q

What are social issues

A

Problems that affect many people within a society

88
Q

What is social inequality

A

The unfair situation where resources and opportunities are distributed unevenly within a society

89
Q

What are the causes of social inequality

A
  • lack of money
  • lack of confidence
  • lack of role models to aspire to as participants
  • stereotypes in some sections of society about the capabilities of some groups in society
90
Q

What is social stratification

A
  • A type of social inequality where society is divided into different levels on the basis of a social characteristic, such as wealth or status
  • in other words those at the top have greater access to resources/opportunities than those who are at the bottom
91
Q

How does social stratification affect participation in sport

A
  • The realities of the ‘real world’ and peoples relative positions in the social class hierarchy do affect peoples involvement in sport.
  • E.g. type of school you go to (state or private) can affect what sport you play, how much time is devoted to playing it, quality of coaching etc.
92
Q

What is social class

A

A term used to define social inequality e.g. certain groups have more access wealth income power than others.

93
Q

What factors can affect social class

A
  • job
  • family background
  • education
94
Q

What are equal opportunities

A

The right to access the same opportunities, regardless of factors such as race, age, sex, mental or physical capability

95
Q

What is prejudice

A

To form an unfavourable opinion of an individual, often based on inadequate facts

96
Q

What is discrimination

A

The unfair treatment of a person or, minority group; to make a distinction and act on prejudice

97
Q

What is stereotyping

A

A standardised image; making simple generalisations about all members of group which allows others to categories them and treat them accordingly

98
Q

What are the two types of discrimination

A

Overt - visible discrimination
Covert - hidden less obvious

99
Q

What are the individual health benefits to raising participation in sport

A
  • increased health and fitness
  • lower body weight
  • lower blood pressure
  • raised self esteem
100
Q

What are the health benefits to society as a result of raising participation in sport

A
  • lower obesity levels
  • less strain on the NHS
101
Q

What are the individual social benefits to raising participation in sport

A
  • improved social skills
  • able to make more friends
102
Q

What are the social benefits to society as a results of raising participation in sport

A
  • increased community integration
  • improved community morale
103
Q

What are the individual benefits of raising participation on crime

A
  • more positive use of free time
104
Q

What are the benefits to society on crime as a result of raising participation in sport

A
  • lower crime stats
105
Q

What are the individual benefits to employment as a result of increasing participation in sport

A
  • increased productivity at work
  • lower absenteeism
106
Q

What are the benefits to society on employment as a result of raising participation in sport

A
  • workplace/employer benefits as less time off work/ higher productivity rates
107
Q

What are the individual economic benefits as a result of increasing participation in sport

A
  • increase spending in healthy pursuits
108
Q

What are the benefits to society economically as a result of raising participation

A
  • more money is out into the economy via increased leisure spend
109
Q

What are the barriers to participation

A
  • time
  • negative social influences
  • motivation
  • skill
  • resources/costs etc.
  • family obligations/domestic responsibilities
110
Q

What are the solutions to the barriers of participation

A

Time - add physical activity to your daily routine
Negative social influences - invite friends and family
Motivation - invite friends
Skill - select activities requiring few or no skills e.g. running
Resources/costs - select activities which require few facilities/limited equipment
Family obligations - exercise with the family

111
Q

What are the three target groups where there is a lack of involvement in sport

A
  • disabled
  • women
  • ethnic minorities
112
Q

What are the barriers to participation for disable people

A
  • negative self-image
  • low income levels
  • lack of access into facilities
  • lack of organised programmes
  • low levels of media coverage (no role models)
  • lack of qualified coaches
113
Q

What are the solutions to the barriers of participation amongst disabled people

A
  • provide more chances for success
  • increased investment
  • transport to facilities adn increased accessibility into the facilities
  • increased media coverage
  • more specialist coaches
114
Q

What is a disability

A

A term used when impairment adversely affects performances

115
Q

What is race

A

the physical characteristics of an individual

116
Q

What is racism

A

A set of beliefs or ideas based on the assumption that races have distinct hereditary characteristics that give som races an intrinsic superiority over others

117
Q

What are ethnic groups

A

People who have racial, religious or linguistic traits in common

118
Q

What are examples of racism in sport

A
  • Channelling
  • Stacking
119
Q

What is stacking

A

The disproportionate concentration of ethnic minorities in certain positions in a sports team, which tends to be based on the stereotypes that they are more valuable for their physicality than their decision making and communication qualities

120
Q

What is channelling

A

Ethnic minorities may be pushed into certain sports and even certain positions within a team, based on assumptions about them

121
Q

What are the possible causes of under-representation of ethnic groups in sport

A
  • conflict with religious commitments
  • higher value placed on education
  • fear of racism
  • fewer role models to aspire to
  • fear of rejection
  • language barriers
122
Q

What are possible solutions to under-representation of ethnic groups in sport

A
  • educating coaches about the effects of stereotyping
  • publicising and severely punishing racist abuse
  • organising campaigns
123
Q

What are the possible causes to under-representation of women in sport

A
  • lack of time and money
  • school PE programmes
  • lack of teams and leagues
  • stereotypical myths
  • fewer role models
  • less media coverage
124
Q

What are the possible solutions to under-representation of women in sport

A
  • enforce laws against sexual discrimination
  • encourage greater social acceptance of women having opportunities in sports
  • increased media coverage
  • increased sponsorship
  • more clubs for women
125
Q

What are the health benefits to raising participation

A
  • deceased risk of heart diseases
  • avoidance of high/low blood pressure
  • decreased risk of type 2 diabetes
  • maintain a heathy weight
  • strengthening bones and muscles
  • improved mental health
126
Q

What are the fitness benefits to raising participation

A
  • improved posture
  • improved cardiovascular fitness
  • improved muscular strength
  • improved Flexibility
  • improved balance/agility
  • improved speed/power
127
Q

What are the social benefits to raising participation

A
  • raised levels of chemicals like endorphins and serotonin which have a calming effect on the body
  • boosts a persons mood can lead to increased concentration
  • self-esteem improves and involvement in sport is more likely
  • sport introduces us to new people who share a common interest
128
Q

What is the aim of sport England

A

Helping people and communities create a sporting habit

129
Q

How do sport England achieve their aim

A
  • create more opportunities for young people to play sport
  • nurture and develop talent
  • provide the facilities where they are needed
  • support local authorities
  • help partners like NGBs to deliver sporting opportunities to as may people as possible
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Q
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AQA A-Level PE (11 decks)

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