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AQA A-Level PE > Respiratory System - Applied Anatomy and Physiology (Paper 1) > Flashcards

Respiratory System - Applied Anatomy and Physiology (Paper 1) Flashcards

1
Q

Why do we need oxygen

A

To produce energy

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2
Q

What is respiration

A

The taking in of oxygen and removal of carbon dioxide

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3
Q

What is ventilation

A

Getting air into and out of the lungs

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4
Q

What is external respiration

A

Gaseous exchange between the lungs and blood

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5
Q

What is internal respiration

A

Exchange of gases between the blood in the capillaries and in body cells

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6
Q

What is cellular respiration

A

The metabolic reactions and processes that take place in a cell to obtain energy from fuels such as glucose

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7
Q

What is diffusion

A

The movement of gas molecules from an area of higher partial pressure to an area of lower partial pressure

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8
Q

What is gaseous exchange

A

The movement of oxygen from the air into the blood, and carbon dioxide from the blood into the air

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9
Q

What is crucially needed during inspiration

A

The pressure needs to be lower in the lungs than in the atmosphere. Done by increasing the volume in the thorax due to the muscles in the thorax contracting

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10
Q

What is needed for expiration

A

The pressure has to be higher in the lungs than the atmosphere. Done by decreasing volume of thorax due to the relaxation of inspiratory muscles in the thorax

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11
Q

What muscles are used during breathing at rest when inspiring

A
  • diaphragm
  • external intercostal muscles
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12
Q

What muscles are used during breathing at rest when expiring

A
  • diaphragm relaxes
  • external intercostals relax
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13
Q

What is tidal volume

A

The volume air breathed in or out per breath

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14
Q

What is inspiratory reserve volume

A

The volume of air that can forcibly be inspired after a normal breath

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15
Q

What is expiratory reserve volume

A

Volume of air that can be forcibly expired after a normal breath

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16
Q

What is minute ventilation

A

The volume of air inspired or expired per minute

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17
Q

How is minute ventilation calculated

A

Number of breathes (per min) x tidal volume

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18
Q

Why does tidal volume increase when exercising

A

More oxygen is required so we start breathing deeper. This means the tidal volume increases. This happens because we are using more of our inspiratory and expiratory reserve volumes.

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19
Q

What is residual volume

A

The amount of air that remains in the lungs after maximal expiration

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20
Q

What happens to tidal volume during exercise

A

Increases

21
Q

What happens to inspiratory reserve volume during exercise

A

Decreases

22
Q

What happens to expiratory volume reserve during exercise

A

Slight decrease

23
Q

What happens to residual volume during exercise

A

Stays the same

24
Q

What happens to minute ventilation during exercise

A

Big increase

25
Q

What is a spirometer

A

A device that is used to measure the volume of air inspired and expired by the lungs

26
Q

What is partial pressure

A

The pressure exerted by an individual gas when it exists within a mixture of gases

27
Q

Why is the partial pressure in the alveoli (100mmHg) higher than in the blood (40mmHg)

A

This is because oxygen has been removed by the working muscles so it’s concentration in the blood is lower and therefore so is it’s partial pressure

28
Q

What is the difference in partial pressure referred as

A

Concentration gradient

29
Q

What three factors are involved in the regulation of pulmonary ventilation (breathing) during exercise

A
  • neural control
  • chemical control
  • hormonal control
30
Q

What is neural control

A

Involves the brain and the nervous system to regulate breathing

31
Q

What is chemical control

A

Control concerned with the blood acidity to regulate breathing

32
Q

What happens when the blood acidity is high

A

The brain is informed and it sends impulses through the nervous system to increasing breathing

33
Q

What two systems controls pulmonary ventilation (breathing)

A
  • sympathetic nervous system
  • parasympathetic nervous system
34
Q

what does the respiratory centre of the medulla oblongata control

A

rate and depth of breathing and uses neural and chemical control

35
Q

what would stimulate the respiratory centre to increase respiratory rate

A

an increase in concentration of carbon dioxide

36
Q

The respiratory centre has two main areas. What are they and what are they responsible for

A
  • Inspiratory centre, responsible for inspiration and expiration
  • Expiratory centre, stimulates the expiratory muscles during exercise
37
Q

The inspiratory centre sends outs what via the phrenic nerve

A

Sends out nerve impulses to cause inspiratory muscles to contract

38
Q

How long does the impulses from the inspiratory centre act for

A

Approximately 2 seconds then the impulses stop and passive expiration occurs due to the elastic recoil of the lungs

39
Q

What does the respiratory centre mainly respond to

A

Changes in blood chemistry

40
Q

What factors affect neural control of breathing

A
  • mechanical factors
  • baroreceptors
  • stretch receptor
41
Q

How do stretch receptors affect neural control of breathing during exercise

A

during exercise lungs are stretched more. These receptors prevent over-inflation of lungs by sending impulses to the expiratory centre and then down the intercostal nerve to the expiratory muscles so expiration occurs

42
Q

How do baroreceptors affect neural control of breathing during exercise

A

which detect increases and decreases of pressure in the aorta and carotid arteries and results in an increase in breathing rate

43
Q

How do mechanical factors affect neural control of breathing during exercise

A

Factors such as proprioceptors located in joints which provide feedback to the respiratory centre to increase breathing during exercise

44
Q

What is cilia

A

Microscopic hair-like projections that help to sweep away fluids and particles

45
Q

What is COPD

A

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

A chronic disorder and debilitating disease, the name is collective for a number of diseases such as emphysema

46
Q

What is emphysema

A

A long term progressive disease of the lungs that causes shortness of breath caused by smoking

47
Q

What does smoking cause damage to

A
  • The alveoli as their walls break down and join together formimg larger air spaces than normal which reduces the efficiency of gaseous exchange.
  • smoking affects transport oxygen as carbon monoxide from cigarettes combines to the haemoglobin in red blood cells much more readily than oxygen. This reduces the oxygen carrying capacity of the blood
48
Q

In gaseous exchange between muscles why is it important that the partial pressure of oxygen is lower in the tissues than in the blood

A
  • so diffusion can occur
  • the ppO2 in the tissues is 40mmHg and the ppO2 in the blood is 100mmHg
  • this lower ppO2 allows O2 to diffuse from the blood into the muscle until equilibrium
  • the oxygen is then used in respiring cells
49
Q

In gaseous exchange between the muscles, why is it important that the ppCO2 is lower in the blood than the tissues

A
  • so diffusion can occur to exchange CO2 between the blood and tissues
  • the ppCO2 in tissues is 46mmHg, the ppCO2 in the blood is 40mmHg
  • the blood then transports the CO2 to the lungs to be expired

AQA A-Level PE (11 decks)

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