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AQA A-Level PE > Cardiovascular System - Applied Anatomy and Physiology (Paper 1) > Flashcards

Cardiovascular System - Applied Anatomy and Physiology (Paper 1) Flashcards

1
Q

what is the definition of health

A

A state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease and infirmity/injury.

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2
Q

what is the definition of fitness

A

The ability to meet and cope with the demands of the environment

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3
Q

what is the definition of physical activity

A

Being active and taking part in exercise

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4
Q

what is the definition of heart rate

A

The number of times the heart beats per minute

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5
Q

what is the definition for Anticipatory Rise

A

Slight increase in heart rate usually before activity starts due to the expectation of exercise

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6
Q

what is the definition of stroke volume SV

A

The volume of blood that leaves the heart during each contraction

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7
Q

what is the definition, unit and equation of cardiac output

A

-The amount of blood the heart pumps out per minute
-Measured in litres per minute (L/min)
- cardiac output = Stroke Volume x Heart Rate

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8
Q

what is the definition of systole

A

the contraction phase of the cardiac cycle - the ventricles contract and pump blood to the arteries
(Right Ventricle to the pulmonary artery and lungs, Left Ventricle to the aorta and the body)

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9
Q

what is the definition of diastole

A

Term used to describe the relaxation phase of the cardiac cycle. The heart ventricles are relaxed and fill with blood

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10
Q

what vein carries blood back to the heart

A

superior vena cava (delivers deoxygenated blood from any part above the heart)
inferior vena cava (delivers deoxygenated blood from any part below the heart)

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11
Q

what chamber in the heart does the both vena cava’s empty into

A

right atrium

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12
Q

what artery takes blood to the rest of the body

A

aorta

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13
Q

what prevents the backflow of blood

A

valves

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14
Q

what are the three valves in the heart

A

tricuspid valve
bicuspid valve
semilunar valves

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15
Q

what is the sheet of cardiac muscle between both ventricles called

A

inter-ventricular septum

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16
Q

why does the left side of the heart have more cardiac muscle than the right

A

the left side holds oxygenated blood, this blood needs to be pumped to the rest of the body. the larger muscle size allows the heart to generate enough force necessary to pump the blood to the whole body

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17
Q

what is the pathway of blood

A
  1. Venae Cavae (Superior and Inferior)
  2. Right Atrium
  3. Tricuspid Valve
  4. Right Ventricle
  5. Pulmonary semilunar valve
  6. Pulmonary artery
  7. LUNGS to drop off CO2 and pick up O2
  8. Pulmonary Veins
  9. Left Atrium
  10. Bicuspid valve
  11. Left ventricle
  12. Aortic semilunar valve
  13. Aorta
  14. BODY
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18
Q

what would the difference be between an a trained person and untrained persons resting heart rate

A

Trained Individuals Resting HR’s are much lower than untrained individuals

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19
Q

why is a trained person resting heart rate lower than untrained person

A

cardiac hypertrophy -> heart is bigger -> pumps more blood -> larger SV ->
increased size of chambers -> bigger SV -> heart doesn’t have to beat as many times

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20
Q

what is the heart conduction system

A

the system that allows the heart to produce a heart beat

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21
Q

why is the heart myogenic

A

because it has the ability to make its own electrical impulse

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22
Q

what is the first stage of the heart conduction system

A

the sinoatrial node will send an electrical impulse throughout the atria

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23
Q

what happens in the second stage of the heart conduction system

A

the impulse spreads across the atria, this will cause the atria to contract

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24
Q

what happens in the third stage of the heart conduction system

A

the impulse passes through the atrioventricular node where it is delayed for 0.1s to allow the atria to fully contract before the ventricles contract - this gives the ventricles time to fill with blood

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24
Q

what happens in the fourth stage of the heart conduction system

A

the impulse then travels through the bundle of his which then divides into two branches and then again into purkinje fibres

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25
Q

what happens in the fifth and final stage of the heart conduction system

A

this allows the impulse to spread throughout the ventricles causing them to contract - also known as ventricular systole

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26
Q

What are the three main mechanisms that can control the impulses from the SAN

A

Sympathetic nervous system
Parasympathetic nervous system
Medulla Oblongata

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27
Q

What is the sympathetic system

A

A part of the autonomic nervous system that speeds heart rate

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28
Q

What is the Parasympathetic System

A

A part of the autonomic nervous system that decreases heart rate

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29
Q

What is the medulla oblongata

A

The most important part of the brain as it regulates processes that keep us alive such as breathing and heart rate

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30
Q

What is the ANS

A

Autonomic nervous system

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31
Q

What does the ANS do

A

Determines the rate at which the SAN sends out impulses

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32
Q

How does the sympathetic nervous system increase HR

A

It releases adrenaline

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33
Q

What does adrenaline increase in the sympathetic nervous system

A

It increases the strength of ventricular contraction which then increases stroke volume

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34
Q

In the sympathetic nervous system what does noradrenaline do

A

Aids the spread of electrical impulse throughout the heart, increasing HR

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35
Q

In the sympathetic nervous system what does an increased metabolic rate cause

A

Increased CO2 and lactic acid, decrease in blood PH (more acidic)

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36
Q

How are the changes of an increased metabolic rate picked up

A

By the chemoreceptors and they inform the sympathetic system to increase HR to flush out the waste products. This results in an increased cardiac output

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37
Q

What is the parasympathetic nervous system

A

The nervous system that slows the speed of the heart down which decreases HR

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38
Q

What does the parasympathetic nervous system do to lower the heart rate

A

Releases Acetylocholine which slows the spread of impulses throughout the heart, this results in a lower heart rate

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39
Q

What are receptors

A

Part of the nervous system that detects changes in the body.

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40
Q

What do chemoreceptors do

A
  • Detect changes in CO2
  • an increased concentration of CO2 in the blood will stimulate the sympathetic nervous system
  • which means the heart will beat faster
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41
Q

What do baroreceptors do

A
  • Baroreceptors respond to the stretching of the arterial wall caused by changes in blood pressure
  • baroreceptors establish set points for blood pressure
  • an increase or decrease above or below this set point results in the baroreceptors sending signals to the medulla oblongata
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42
Q

What do proprioceptors do

A

Increases HR when muscle movement increases

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43
Q

What is adrenaline

A
  • A stress hormone that is released by the sympathetic nerves and cardiac nerve during exercise which causes an increase in heart rate
  • it stimulates the the SAN leading to an increase in the speed of force of contraction and therefore increased cardiac output
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44
Q

What is ejection fraction

A

The percentage of blood pumped out by the left ventricle per beat

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45
Q

What are the proprioceptors

A

Sensory nerve endings in the muscles, tendons and joints that detect changes in muscle movement

Proprioceptors -> detect increase in muscle movement - > increase in HR

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46
Q

What are baroreceptors

A

Special sensors in tissues in the aortic arch, carotid sinus, heart and pulmonary vessels that respond to changes in blood pressure to either increase or decrease heart rate

Baroreceptors - > detected increased blood pressure -> decreases HR

47
Q

What are chemoreceptors

A

Tiny structures in the carotid arteries and aortic arch that detect changes in blood acidity caused by an increase or decrease in the concentration of carbon dioxide

Chemoreceptors - > increase in CO2 -> increase in HR

48
Q

What is stroke volume

A

The amount of blood pumped out by the ventricles in each contraction

49
Q

What is the diastole phase

A

When the heart relaxes to fill with blood

50
Q

What does stroke volume depend on

A
  • Venous return
  • the elasticity of cardiac fibres
  • contractility of cardiac tissue
51
Q

How does venous return affect stroke volume

A

If the venous return increases then stroke volume will increase

52
Q

What is venous return

A

The volume of blood return to the heart via veins

53
Q

How does the elasticity of cardiac fibres affect stroke volume

A

The more the cardiac fibres can stretch, the greater the force of contraction (which also increases ejection fraction - starlings law)

54
Q

What is starlings law

A

Increased venous return -> greater diastolic filling of the heart -> cardiac muscle stretched -> more force of contraction -> increased ejection fraction

55
Q

What is cardiac output

A

The volume of blood pumped out by the hearts ventricles per minute

56
Q

How does the contractility of cardiac tissue affect stroke volume

A

The greater the contractility of cardiac tissue, the greater the force of contraction

57
Q

How do you calculate cardiac output

A

Cardiac Output (Q) = Stroke volume (SV) x Heart Rate (HR)

58
Q

What is cardiac hypertrophy

A

The thickening of the muscular wall of the heart so it becomes bigger and stronger

59
Q

What is bradycardia

A

A decrease in resting heart rate to below 60 beats per minute

60
Q

How does having a bigger heart affect cardiac output

A

Enables more blood to be pumped out and as a result the blood doesn’t need to pump as often so resting HR decreases

61
Q

How do u calculate maximum heart rate

A

220 - your age

62
Q

What is atherosclerosis

A

Occurs when arteries harden and narrow as they become clogged up by fatty deposits

63
Q

What is atheroma

A

A fatty deposit found in the inner lining of an artery

64
Q

What is angina

A

Chest pain that occurs when the blood supply through the coronary arteries to the muscles of the heart is restricted

65
Q

What happens if a piece of fatty deposit (atheroma) breaks off in the coronary artery

A

can cause blood clot, cuts off supply of oxygen to the heart resulting in a heart attack

66
Q

What is blood pressure

A

The force exerted by the blood against the blood vessel wall

67
Q

What is a stroke

A

When blood supply to the brain is cut off

68
Q

What is steady state

A

Where the athlete is able to meet the oxygen demand with the oxygen supply

69
Q

How does exercise affect cholesterol levels

A

Regular activity lowers bad LDL cholesterol and increases good HDL cholesterol levels

70
Q

What are the two types of strokes

A
  • Ischaemic, occurs due to blood clot
  • Haemorrhagic, occurs when a weakened blood vessel supplying the brain bursts
71
Q

what is cardiovascular drift

A

Cardiovascular drift occurs after a period of exercise -> HR increase -> stroke volume decreases -> because fluid is lost as sweat -> resulting in a reduced plasma volume -> reduced venous return -> cardiac output increases (no energy needed to cool the body)

72
Q

What is the vascular system made of

A

Blood vessels that carry blood through the body

73
Q

What are the two types of circulation

A
  • pulmonary, deoxygenated blood from hearts to lungs and oxygenated blood back to the heart
  • systemic, oxygenated blood to the body and return of deoxygenated blood back to the heart
74
Q

What are the five different blood vessels

A
  • Artery
  • Arterioles
  • Capillaries
  • Venules
  • Veins
75
Q

What is the structure of veins

A
  • Thinner muscle/elastic tissues
  • valves
  • wider lumen
76
Q

What is the structure of arteries

A
  • more elastic tissue in wall
  • smaller lumen
77
Q

What is the structure of capillaries

A

wide enough for once RBC to pass through (allows exchange of nutrients with the tissues by diffusion)

78
Q

What is systolic pressure

A

The pressure in the arteries when the ventricles are contracting

79
Q

What is diastolic pressure

A

The pressure in the arteries when the ventricles are relaxing

80
Q

What is venous return

A

Return of blood to the right side of the heart via the vena cava

81
Q

What mechanisms help venous return

A
  • Skeletal muscle pump
  • respiratory pump
  • pocket valves
  • gravity
82
Q

What is the skeletal muscle pump

A

When the muscles contract and relax they change shape, means that the muscles press on nearby veins causing a pumping effect and squeeze blood towards the heart

83
Q

What is the respiratory pump

A

Respiratory muscles causes pressure changes in the thoracic and abdominal cavities. The changes in pressure compress nearby veins and assist blood return to the heart

84
Q

What are pocket valves

A

Valves that make sure that blood only flows in one direction. Once the blood passes through the valve it closes.

85
Q

What could stimulate an increase in venous return

A
  • increase in venous pressure
  • decrease in right atrial pressure
  • decrease in venous resistance
86
Q

What could stimulate a decrease in venous return

A

Increasing right atrial pressure

87
Q

What is venous return determined by

A

Pressure gradient

88
Q

What is the venous return pressure gradient

A

Venous pressure (PV) - Right atrial pressure (PRA)
——————————————————————
Venous vascular resistance (RV)

89
Q

Why is the pressure in the right atrium and veins low

A
  • So the pressure gradient driving venous return is also relatively low.
  • Small changes can cause large changes in pressure in either right atrium or veins (affects venous return)
90
Q

What is plasma

A

The fluid part of blood that surrounds blood cells and transports them

91
Q

What is haemoglobin (Hb)

A

An iron containing pigment found in red blood cells which combines with oxygen to form oxyhemoglobin

92
Q

What is myoglobin

A

An iron containing pigment in slow twitch muscle fibres which has a higher affinity for oxygen than Hb. It stores oxygen in the muscle fibres which can be used quickly when exercise begins

93
Q

What is mitochondria

A

Referred to as the powerhouse of the cell as respiration and energy production occur there

94
Q

When will haemoglobin carry four oxygen molecules

A

When the partial pressure of oxygen is high in the blood

95
Q

Why does the oxygen dissociate from oxyhaemglobin at the muscles/respiring tissues

A

Because there is a low partial pressure of oxygen there

96
Q

In muscles oxygen is stored by….

A

Myoglobin. Has a higher affinity for oxygen and stores oxygen for mitochondria until it is used by the muscles

97
Q

What is the Bohr shift

A

When an increase in blood carbon dioxide and a decrease in pH results in a reduction of the affinity of haemoglobin for oxygen

98
Q

What is pH

A

A measure of acidity. Range goes from 1 to 14. Anything less than 7 indicates acidity

99
Q

Why does the Bohr shift occur

A

The s shaped curve shifts to the right because when muscles require more oxygen, the dissociation of oxygen from haemoglobin in the blood capillaries to the muscle tissue occurs more readily

100
Q

What three factors are responsible for the Bohr shift

A
  • increase in blood pressure
  • partial pressure of CO 2
  • pH
101
Q

How does increasing blood temperature affect the Bohr shift

A

when blood and muscle temperature increases during exercise, oxygen will dissociate from haemoglobin more readily

102
Q

How does a increasing partial pressure affect the Bohr shift

A

As the level of blood CO2 rises during exercise, oxygen will dissociate faster from haemoglobin

103
Q

How does pH affect the Bohr shift

A

More CO2 will lower pH in the blood, a drop in pH will cause oxygen to dissociate from haemoglobin more quickly

104
Q

How does the distribution of blood flow differ at rest compared to exercise

A

The skeletal muscle require more oxygen while exercising so the body redirect blood in order to meet the oxygen demand (vascular shunting)

105
Q

Why would a full gut have a detrimental affect performance

A
  • blood gets directed to the working muscles instead of gut
  • blood flow also has to remain constant to brain, heart (to beat faster) and skin (to cool us down)
  • detrimental on performance as less oxygen is being made available
106
Q

What is vasodilation

A

The widening of the blood vessels to increase the flow of blood into the capillaries

107
Q

What is vasoconstriction

A

The narrowing of the blood vessels to reduce the blood flow into the capillaries

108
Q

Why is redistribution of blood important

A
  • increases supply of oxygen to working muscles
  • removal of waste products (CO2, lactic acid)
  • ensure blood goes to skin to regulate body temprature
  • more blood to the heart as it is a muscle and requires extra oxygen during exercise
109
Q

What is Arterio-venous difference

A

The difference between the oxygen content of the arterial blood arriving at the muscles and the venous blood leaving muscle

110
Q

What is the level of Arterio-venous difference at rest and exercise

A
  • At Rest: Low, as not much oxygen is required by the muscles
  • At Exercise: High, much more oxygen required by the muscles
111
Q

How is gaseous exchange affected by an increase in Arterioles-venous difference

A

An increase affects gaseous exchange at the alveoli so more oxygen is taken in and more CO2 is removed.

112
Q

How is Arterio-venous difference improved

A

Through training

113
Q

How is oxygen transported

A
  • During exercise, when oxygen diffuses into the capillaries supplying the skeletal muscles, 3% dissolves into the plasma and 97% combines with haemoglobin
  • when fully saturated haemoglobin will carry 4 oxygen molecules
  • at the tissues, oxygen disassociates from oxyhemoglobin due to the lower pressure of oxygen that exists there
  • in the muscles oxygen is stored by myoglobin which has a higher affinity for oxygen and will store the oxygen for the mitochondria until it is used by the muscles
114
Q

How does the A-Vo2 diff vary amongst trained and untrained individuals

A

regular aerobic exercise leads to adaptations like higher SV, cardiac output, capillarisation of muscles etc. These adaptation improve oxygen delivery and extraction to and from the tissues. So the trained individuals have a higher A-VO2 diff than the untrained individual both at rest and exercise as the untrained individual may not be adapted to the demands of exercise resulting in a lower oxygen carrying capacity.

AQA A-Level PE (11 decks)

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