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AQA A-Level PE > Sport and Society (Paper 2) > Flashcards

Sport and Society (Paper 2) Flashcards

1
Q

what are the key charactertiscs of physical recreation

A
  • fun (taking part is the main motive)
  • physically energetic
  • matter of ‘choice’
  • flexible (you decide how long, the rules etc.)
  • self regulated (decisions are made by the participants)
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2
Q

what are the functions of physical recreation on individuals

A
  • develop self esteem
  • stress reduction
  • skills develop
  • social skills improve
  • sense of fun
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3
Q

what are the functions of physical recreation on society

A
  • reduces strain on NHS
  • people from different social communities interact increases social integration
  • can lead to employment and economic benefits
  • positive use of free time, reduces crime
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4
Q

what are the key characteristics of sport

A
  • highly structured (rules, time limits etc.)
  • specialist equipment
  • officials trained by NGBs to enforce rules
  • strategies and tactics
  • rewards (extrinsic, intrinsic)
  • high skill levels
  • serious/competitive
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5
Q

what are the functions of sport on the individual

A
  • improved health and fitness
  • self confidence increases
  • leads to increased social communities
  • develop positive morals (sportsmanship)
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6
Q

what are the functions of sport in society

A
  • less strain on nhs
  • more employment opportunities
  • economic benefits
  • equality of opportunity
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7
Q

what are the characteristics of PE

A
  • compulsory
  • formally taught by teachers in pre planned lessons during school time
  • four key stages as part of the national curriculum (5-16)
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8
Q

what are the functions of PE on the individuals

A
  • provides opportunities for participation
  • development of personal and social skills
  • aims to develop positive morals
  • can improve problem solving
  • opportunity for self analysis
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9
Q

what are the functions of PE in society

A
  • improves social skills
  • education of different sports
  • provides recreation and hobbies
  • can keep people of out trouble
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10
Q

what are the functions of outdoor education

A
  • awareness of safety, perceived risk only
  • teamwork
  • leadership skills
  • knowledge of respect for natural environment
  • improved self esteem
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11
Q

why might PE departments in school not offer outdoor education

A
  • lack of money
  • time
  • lack of qualified/motivated staff
  • location of the school
  • health and safety concerns
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12
Q

what are the personal factors and qualities necessary for an athlete to develop into an elite performer

A
  • commitment and self discipline
  • determination to succeed
  • highly motivated
  • willing to self sacrifice
  • high pain tolerance
  • high self confidence
  • highly skilled physically
  • high levels of physical fitness
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13
Q

what is talent ID

A

the multi-disciplinary screening of athletes in order to identify those with the potential for world class success

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14
Q

what are the social and cultural factors that are necessary for an athlete to develop into an elite performer

A
  • high socio-economic status
  • evidence of equal opportunities
  • high quality, supportive educational provision
  • structured levels of competition to progress through
  • high levels of media coverage and role models to aspire to
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15
Q

what is socio economic status

A

An individuals position in the social structure which depends on their job, level of income and the area they live in

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16
Q

what three organisations are important when considering talent id

A

UK sport
EIS, English Institute of Sport
NGBs of the sport

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17
Q

how do UK sport help NGBs to increase sporting excellence through developing elite athletes

A

they invest and distribute national lottery funding for elite performer development via two main channels

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18
Q

what are the two main channels in which UK Sport distribute funds for the development of elite performers

A
  • giving money to NGBs to enable them to operate a world class programme covering all funded sumner and winter Olympic and Paralympic sports
  • providing funding directly to athletes via an athlete performance award contributing to their living and sporting costs once they have reach elite performance level.
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19
Q

What are are purposes of the national institutes of sport

A
  • sport science and sport medicine support
  • performance lifestyle programmes
  • organisations works in partnership (e.g. English institute of sport and UK sport)
  • research and innovation
  • top quality facilities and high level coaches
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20
Q

What are the different ways in which an NGB try to provide equal opportunity

A
  • positive role models used to promote sport to target groups
  • accessible facilities provided and developed for groups with a particular need
  • meet government policies on sport ad recreation
  • policies put in place to target under represented groups
  • resources invested in inner city areas
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21
Q

What service and areas of expertise are necessary for the development and progress of sporting excellence in athletes

A
  • sports science, helps evaluate training as it happens and allows coaches and athletes to objectively monitor the impact of trading on the body
  • medical, services like physiotherapist, strength and conditioning coaches etc.
  • performance lifestyle support, a service to provide personlised support specifically designed to help each athlete create the unique environment necessary for success.
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22
Q

what is amateurism

A

participation in sport for the love of it and receiving no financial gain

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23
Q

how is evidence of amateurism still evident in modern day sport

A
  • fair play/sportsmanship
  • sports like rugby union which have maintained amateurism till the late 20th century
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24
Q

what is the Olympic oath

A

‘In the name of all competitors I promise that we shall take part in these Olympic Games, respecting and abiding by the rules which govern them, committing ourselves to a sport without doping and with out drugs in the true spirit of sportsmanship for the glory of sport and honor of our teams’

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25
Q

what is athleticism

A

a fanatical devotion to sport involving high levels of physical endeavor with moral integrity

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26
Q

how is sportsmanship still evident today

A
  • fair play awards
  • hand shaking
  • calling the ref ‘sir’
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27
Q

what is sportsmanship

A

conforming to the rules, spirit and etiquette of a sport

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28
Q

how can sportsmanship can be encouraged

A
  • use of NGB campaigns
  • fair play awards
  • use of technology to help match officials reach correct decisions
  • punish foul play on and off the pitch
  • use of positive role models
  • rigorous drug testing to ensure fairness
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29
Q

what is simulation

A

trying to deceive an official by over-acting, e.g. diving to win a free kick

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30
Q

what is citing

A

players can reported and investigated for dangerous play, whether they are seen by the referee or not

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31
Q

what is gamesmanship

A

bending the rules and stretching them to their absolute limit without getting caught, using whatever dubious methods possible to achieve the desired result

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32
Q

give example of gamesmanship in elite level modern day sport

A
  • time wasting
  • verbally sledging an opponent to distract them or upset them
  • taking an time out to appeal a decision when the team appealing knows the decision wont come thru
  • deliberate deception of an official to gain advantage.
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33
Q

what is the win ethic

A

the win at all costs where coming second isn’t viewed as an option and the outcome is all that matters

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34
Q

the win ethic is evident in modern day sports but how

A
  • no drawn games
  • managers and coaches are if unsuccessful
  • high amounts of deviance
  • media praise for winning and negativity for losers
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35
Q

what is positive deviance

A

behavior which is outside the norms of society but with no intent to harm or break the rules. it involves over-adherence to the norms or expectations of society

E.g. having an injury and trying to play with it, accidentally injuring other players etc.

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36
Q

what is negative deviance

A

behavior that goes against the norms of society and has a detrimental effect on individuals and society in general

E.g. taking PEDs, deliberately harming an opponent thru aggression and a violence, accepting a bribe to lose, diving to win a penalty in football

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37
Q

what is violence in sport

A

physical acts committed to harm others in sport such as American football, football and ice hockey

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38
Q

what are the causes for violence in sport

A
  • the win ethic and high rewards for success, adds pressure to performers and increased arousal, if over aroused can lead to violence.
  • the nature of the sport, some sports are natural more physical than others. so aggression is normal
  • the NGBs don’t punish violence in sport properly, means that for violence the players know they can get off easy and as a result the punishment
  • refereeing decisions leads to frustration and then therefore aggression
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39
Q

what are the strategies used to prevent player violence

A
  • supporting decisions of match officials by using VAR/TMO
  • punishing violence missed by officials after the match
  • promoting good disciplinary records as positive role models in sport
  • impose harsh punishments
  • education campaigns
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40
Q

what is hooliganism

A

acts of vandalism and violence in public places committed especially by youths

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41
Q

what is football hooliganism

A

unruly, violent and destructive behavior by over-zealous supporters of association football clubs

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42
Q

what causes football hooliganism

A
  • emotional intensity and importance of the event e.g. a derby
  • too much alcohol and highs caused by drug taking
  • poor policing and stewarding
  • lack of effective deterrents
  • violence of the players can get reflected onto the crowd
  • religious discord e.g. Celtic vs rangers
  • frustration of a team losing can lead to someone being violent
43
Q

what are the possible solutions to combat football holiganism

A
  • ban or control alcohol sales
  • impose tougher deterrents e.g. bans from matches etc.
  • using cctv to identify and eject individuals for their disorder
  • removal of terraces, segregation of fans, family zones to make a more civilized environment
  • playing kick off times imposed by police (e.g. early KO times can avoid high levels of alcoohl consumption)
  • passing laws
44
Q

what are the negative consequences of spectator violence

A
  • creates a negative depiction of the sport, this may decrease the amount of people of attending matches and simultaneously decreases sponsorship and money to fund the sport.
  • some fans may be banned from away games even if they are not violent. they’ll all be treated as hooligans.
  • could also disrepute a particular country and their chances of hosting future comeptitons such as the world cup
45
Q

how could coaches prevent player violence

A
  • Punishing performers who are aggressive, even if they are not punished by the official at the time for example fines or suspensions. - If a manager tells a player who is overly aggressive to leave the club this helps to show the other players that aggressive actions will not be tolerated.
  • Substituting the player/ losing their place in the team
  • Educating players about aggression and giving them methods to control it. E.g- deep breathing
  • Positively reinforcing the performance of non-aggressive players and giving them praise.
  • Having players agree to behaviour contracts
  • Fine the player or punishing them at training e.g-suicide runs
46
Q

how do NGBs prevent spectator violence

A
  • Supporting the decisions of match officials
  • Punishing violence by performers missed by officials after the match by using video evidence.
  • Use of post-match video evidence where individuals have been cited by referees as performing violent actions worthy of further investigation.
  • Promoting performers with good disciplinary records as positive role models in their sport.
  • Imposing harsh punishments for violent actions on the field of play e.g. - long bans/heavy fines
  • Introducing education campaigns/ awards linked to Fair Play e.g.- the FA’s Respect Campaign
47
Q

what are the social reasons for drug taking and doping

A
  • a win at all costs mentality
  • fame and fortune attached to success if they evade detection
  • high levels of pressure to win from family, coaches, media etc.
  • lack of effective deterrents
  • poor role models set a bad example
48
Q

what are the psychological reasons for using drugs

A
  • some use beta blockers to relax their nerves where fine motor control is required
  • others may use anabolic steroids to increase their aggression in high contact sports
  • stimulants are used to raise a performers belief that they can achieve even when the competition is of the highest standard
49
Q

what is doping

A

in competitive sports, doping refers to the use of banned performance enhancing drugs by athletic competitors

50
Q

what are anabolic steroids

A

artificially produced hormones e.g. THG (a banned steroid used to increase power which was tweaked by chemists to make it undetectable in normal tests)

51
Q

what are the reasons for using anabolic steroids

A
  • they aid storage of protein, promote muscle growth and the development of muscular tissue leading to increased muscular strength and power.
  • also lead to less fat in the muscle, a lean body weight
  • can improve the body’s capacity to train for longer at higher intensity and decrease fatigue associated with training
52
Q

what type of athletes use

A

they are beneficial to power athletes such as sprinters, power lifters etc.

53
Q

what are the side effects of anabolic steriods

A
  • liver damage
  • heart and immune system problems
  • acne and behavior changes
54
Q

what are beta blockers

A

drugs used to calm an individual down and decrease anxiety by counteracting the adrenaline that interferes with performance by preventing it from binding to nerve receptors.

55
Q

what are the reasons why beta blockers are used

A
  • they can be used to improve accuracy in precision sports through steadying in the nerves
  • they calm performance anxiety and aid performance by keeping the heart rate low and decreasing the tremble in the hands
  • they work by widening the arteries allowing increased blood flow and reducing involuntary muscle spasms
56
Q

which type of athletes would use beta blockers

A

athletes of high precision sports e.g. archery, snooker, darts, gold etc.

57
Q

what are the side effects of beta blockers

A
  • tiredness due to low blood pressure and slower heart rate which affects aerobic capacity
58
Q

what is EPO

A

Erythropoietin, a natural hormone produced in the kidneys to increase red blood cells. now it can be artificially manufactured to cause an increase in hemoglobin levels.

59
Q

what are the reasons why athletes would use erythropoietin

A
  • it simulates red blood cell production which leads to an increase in the oxygen-carrying capacity of the body
  • this results in an increase an increase of the amount of work performed and therefore increases endurance and delays the onset of fatigue
  • an athlete can keep going for longer and recover more quickly from training
60
Q

which athletes tends to use EPO

A

endurance athletes (lond-distance runners, cyclists etc.) who need effective oxygen transport in order to succeed in their sport

61
Q

what are the side effects of EPO

A

can result to blood clotting, stroke, some cases death

62
Q

what are stimulants

A

a drug that induce a temporary improvement in mental and physical function (increased awareness and alertness) e.g. nicotine, caffeine etc.

63
Q

what are the negative implications of drug taking in sport

A
  • threatens the integrity of the sport
  • sports associated with drug cheats clouds the successes of clean athletes
  • provides negative role models for developing young athletes, some may feel that they can’t compete if they don’t take drugs
  • damages performers health
  • athlete can damage their reputation and future prospects
  • loss of income
  • legal action
64
Q

what are the positive implications of drug taking in sport

A
  • can bring fame and fortune to those who evade detection (can lead to more money thru sponsorships)
  • sport becomes a spectacle leading to more spectators/fans and then more money from sponsors etc.
  • drugs can remove effects of genetic inequality
65
Q

What strategies are used to eliminate performance enhancing drugs

A
  • instil a drug free sporting culture
  • organisations involved in drug detection need to work together
  • punishment needs to be harder
  • investment required into new testing programmes
  • name and shame policy
  • guilty athletes lose funding
66
Q

What are the arguments that drugs should be legalised

A
  • battle to detect drugs is becoming expensive and time consuming. Money could be better off elsewhere
  • detection is not always effective, drug testers are one step behind as new drug become available
  • drugs can be taken accidentally
  • sacrifices made by a performer are their personal choice
  • if everyone takes drugs, it levels the playing field and increases the performance standards physiologically and psychologically
  • if drug testing is properly monitored, health risks may be lessened
67
Q

What are the arguements that drugs shouldn’t be legalised

A
  • dangerous side effects.
  • creates negative role models - sets bad example from young athletes who may be tempted to use them
  • drug use gives negative image to certain sports because it gives an unfair advantage and are immoral, unethical and against the fair play ethic
  • drug taking is illegal and cheating
  • success in sports should be about hard work and natural talent and drug use is outside this concept
  • can lead to loss of sponsorship, medals/achievements, future prospects etc.
  • may be subject to legal disputes
68
Q

What are the reasons for why athletes might need assistance from the law during their sports careers

A
  • spectators attacking players
  • opponents being too violent t
  • contractual issues with employers
  • equality of opportunites
  • refereeing negligence
69
Q

What is negligence

A

Conduct that falls below a reasonable person standard and leads to a breach of duty of care which results in foreseeable harm to another

70
Q

What is duty of care

A

A legal obligation imposed on someone if they are responsible for a group of people

71
Q

Give an example of negligence

A

Allowing a match to be played on surface that hasn’t been checked prior to the match starting

72
Q

How do coaches have a legal responsibility to their athletes

A
  • health and safety, access to first aid; means to contact emergency services
  • protection from abuse, should protect children from all form of abuse both emotional and physical
  • supplements, legal and ethical responsibility to educate athletes about drug use and abuse and provide general and appropriate advice on legal nutrition and supplements which can be used to enhance performance
  • duty of care
73
Q

How does a coach carry out their duty of care

A
  • keeping up to date contacts
  • maintaining appropriate supervision ratios (e.g. 24 students to one teacher)
  • ensuring that first aid provision is available at the club
  • ensuring DBS clearance
  • making sure appropriate risk assessments for the activities being coached
74
Q

What are the measures introduced to ensure safety and to overcome hooliganism at sports events

A
  • removal of perimeter fences; all seater stadia to replace terraces
  • control of alcohol sales on the way and in grounds
  • specified kick off times imposed by the police (e.g. early KOs to reduce likelihood of alcohol consumption)
  • increased security and police presence
  • tougher deterrents
75
Q

what is the golden triangle

A

the idea that the media are all strongly interlinked and mutually dependant

76
Q

what are the advantages of the golden triangle to elite sport

A
  • increased income to the sport for allowing events to be televised
  • increased promotion of the sport to gain more fans and popularity
  • increased sponsorship and income from business sources to have their name at grounds and sporting events
  • sports are organised and funded which improves the way they are run
  • improved facilities benefits performer and spectator alike
77
Q

what are the disadvantages of the golden triangle to elite sport

A
  • possibility of sensationalist media reporting which focuses too much on negative aspects of a sport
  • the media and sponsors can dictate kick off times and scheduling of sports events, tot he detriment of performers and fans
  • the media and sponsors
  • can change the nature of a sporting activity (longer breaks in play for advertising)
  • sponsors and media can bee too demanding on elite performers and coaches
  • sponsorship deals can increase the pressure to win or maintain lucrative contracts with companies willing to pay for an association with successful sports and sports performer
78
Q

what is ring-fencing

A

a number of sporting events at a national and international level must be available for viewing on terrestrial or free-to-access TV rather than on satellite and subscription channels

79
Q

what are the reasons for the continued ring-fencing of certain major sporting events

A
  • to access the widest number and range of viewers
  • to avoid restricting coverage to subscription channels available only to those who can afford them
  • to increase geographical access to all viewers in all parts of the country to major events
  • to enable viewing of certain events which are seen as part of our sporting heritage and culture
  • to enable access to sporting events which should be freely available to all to view
80
Q

what characteristics make a sport particularly attractive to the media

A
  • they have high levels of skill for viewers to watch and admire
  • they are visually appealing and demonstrate physical challenge
  • easily understood with relatively simple rule structures
  • they are seen as nationally relevant with easily identifiable personalities and role models.
81
Q

what are the advantages of media coverage

A
  • increase the profile of the sport and role models within it
  • increased participation
  • more variation of a sport (e.g. T20 cricket) to make it media friendly
  • generates higher levels of income and sport more appealing to sponsors and therefore develops future commercial opportunities to the sport and performers
  • increased standards in performances as well as behaviour
  • rule changes leading to a speeding up of action/more excitement in a sport (e.g. pen shoot-outs etc.)
82
Q

what are the disadvantages of media coverage

A
  • NGBs/sports performers lose control to TV sponsors
  • media control the location of events as well as kick off times
  • too much sport on TV can lead to possible boredom and reduced attendance for local teams/less popular sports
  • inequalities of coverage, more popular gain at the expense of minority sports like squash
  • demands of media and sponsors negatively impact on high level performers
  • media can over-dramatise certain negative events in sport
  • more breaks in play disrupting the spectator experience
83
Q

Define commercialism

A

The process of attempting to gain money from an activity e.g. sport

84
Q

Define sponsorship

A

When a company pays for their products to be publicly displayed or advertised usually as an attempt to increase the sales of their goods

85
Q

Define merchandising

A

The practise in which the brand or image from one product is used to sell another e.g. pro sports teams performers promote various products

86
Q

What are the characteristics of commercial sports

A
  • professional sport ; High quality
  • sponsorship and business
  • sport is a part of mass entertainment
  • contracts
  • athletes as commodities
  • wide media coverage
87
Q

What are the effects of commercialisation on professional performers

A
  • receiving high incomes for sport participation and commercial activities
  • paid for successful results ; makes winning important
  • can be put under pressure to perform when injured
  • must specialise in a sport in order to compete
  • entertainers become household names ; e.g. Messi and Ronaldo
  • performers may suffer from a lack of privacy
88
Q

What are the effects of commercialisation on sport

A
  • rules and scoring systems have been changed to prevent spectator boredom
  • broadcast breaks to promote products of sponsors
  • competition formats have changed ; T20 cricket
  • sports played women receive less coverage ; negative impacts on participation and funding for female sports
  • increased use of technology led to a more personal experience for the viewer
89
Q

Why do companies invest large amounts into sport

A
  • increases sales, publicity, profit, brand awareness
  • creates association with excellence (due to high level of sport) and healthy image
  • opportunity to link to corporate hospitality
  • sponsorship can decrease amount of tax paid by a company
  • improves company morale
90
Q

Define globalisation

A

The process whereby nations are increasingly being linked together and people are becoming more independent via improvement in communication and travel

91
Q

How is globalisation in sport seen through

A
  • sponsorship of events
  • the way players are recruited to play to play for teams not in their country
  • spreading of different sports to new nations e.g. 1994 World Cup was hosted in America a country not fully associated with football at the time
  • increasing pressure on athletes to perform to they best ; may lead to use of illegal substances to maintain high performance levels and the rewards with them
92
Q

what is research

A

a systematic process of investigation and study carried out with the aim of advancing knowledge

93
Q

what is sports analytics

A

studying data from sports performances to try to improve performance

94
Q

what is quantitative data

A

data that can be written down or measured precisely and numerically

95
Q

what is qualitative data

A

data that is descriptive and looks at the way people think or feel

96
Q

what is objective data

A

fact-based information which is measurable and usable (not affected by the thoughts and beliefs of the researcher)

97
Q

what is subjective data

A

data based on personal opinions, assumptions etc.

98
Q

what does validity refer to

A

an indication of whether the data collected actually measures what it claims

99
Q

what does reliability refer to

A

to the degree to which data collection is consistent and stable over time

100
Q

what is video motion analysis

A

a technique used to get information about moving objects from video. it is useful in the individual analysis of technical performance

101
Q

video motion analysis has developed into two distinct sport science disciplines called

A
  • notional match analysis
  • biomechanics
102
Q

what is notional match analysis

A
  • used to record aspects of individual/team performance
  • take place thru the study of movement patterns, strategy and tacits
  • gathers objective data
103
Q

what is biomechanics (as a video motion analysis method)

A
  • used to analyse the sporting impact of body movements.
  • ## quantitative based

AQA A-Level PE (11 decks)

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