Sport and Society (Paper 2) Flashcards
what are the key charactertiscs of physical recreation
- fun (taking part is the main motive)
- physically energetic
- matter of ‘choice’
- flexible (you decide how long, the rules etc.)
- self regulated (decisions are made by the participants)
what are the functions of physical recreation on individuals
- develop self esteem
- stress reduction
- skills develop
- social skills improve
- sense of fun
what are the functions of physical recreation on society
- reduces strain on NHS
- people from different social communities interact increases social integration
- can lead to employment and economic benefits
- positive use of free time, reduces crime
what are the key characteristics of sport
- highly structured (rules, time limits etc.)
- specialist equipment
- officials trained by NGBs to enforce rules
- strategies and tactics
- rewards (extrinsic, intrinsic)
- high skill levels
- serious/competitive
what are the functions of sport on the individual
- improved health and fitness
- self confidence increases
- leads to increased social communities
- develop positive morals (sportsmanship)
what are the functions of sport in society
- less strain on nhs
- more employment opportunities
- economic benefits
- equality of opportunity
what are the characteristics of PE
- compulsory
- formally taught by teachers in pre planned lessons during school time
- four key stages as part of the national curriculum (5-16)
what are the functions of PE on the individuals
- provides opportunities for participation
- development of personal and social skills
- aims to develop positive morals
- can improve problem solving
- opportunity for self analysis
what are the functions of PE in society
- improves social skills
- education of different sports
- provides recreation and hobbies
- can keep people of out trouble
what are the functions of outdoor education
- awareness of safety, perceived risk only
- teamwork
- leadership skills
- knowledge of respect for natural environment
- improved self esteem
why might PE departments in school not offer outdoor education
- lack of money
- time
- lack of qualified/motivated staff
- location of the school
- health and safety concerns
what are the personal factors and qualities necessary for an athlete to develop into an elite performer
- commitment and self discipline
- determination to succeed
- highly motivated
- willing to self sacrifice
- high pain tolerance
- high self confidence
- highly skilled physically
- high levels of physical fitness
what is talent ID
the multi-disciplinary screening of athletes in order to identify those with the potential for world class success
what are the social and cultural factors that are necessary for an athlete to develop into an elite performer
- high socio-economic status
- evidence of equal opportunities
- high quality, supportive educational provision
- structured levels of competition to progress through
- high levels of media coverage and role models to aspire to
what is socio economic status
An individuals position in the social structure which depends on their job, level of income and the area they live in
what three organisations are important when considering talent id
UK sport
EIS, English Institute of Sport
NGBs of the sport
how do UK sport help NGBs to increase sporting excellence through developing elite athletes
they invest and distribute national lottery funding for elite performer development via two main channels
what are the two main channels in which UK Sport distribute funds for the development of elite performers
- giving money to NGBs to enable them to operate a world class programme covering all funded sumner and winter Olympic and Paralympic sports
- providing funding directly to athletes via an athlete performance award contributing to their living and sporting costs once they have reach elite performance level.
What are are purposes of the national institutes of sport
- sport science and sport medicine support
- performance lifestyle programmes
- organisations works in partnership (e.g. English institute of sport and UK sport)
- research and innovation
- top quality facilities and high level coaches
What are the different ways in which an NGB try to provide equal opportunity
- positive role models used to promote sport to target groups
- accessible facilities provided and developed for groups with a particular need
- meet government policies on sport ad recreation
- policies put in place to target under represented groups
- resources invested in inner city areas
What service and areas of expertise are necessary for the development and progress of sporting excellence in athletes
- sports science, helps evaluate training as it happens and allows coaches and athletes to objectively monitor the impact of trading on the body
- medical, services like physiotherapist, strength and conditioning coaches etc.
- performance lifestyle support, a service to provide personlised support specifically designed to help each athlete create the unique environment necessary for success.
what is amateurism
participation in sport for the love of it and receiving no financial gain
how is evidence of amateurism still evident in modern day sport
- fair play/sportsmanship
- sports like rugby union which have maintained amateurism till the late 20th century
what is the Olympic oath
‘In the name of all competitors I promise that we shall take part in these Olympic Games, respecting and abiding by the rules which govern them, committing ourselves to a sport without doping and with out drugs in the true spirit of sportsmanship for the glory of sport and honor of our teams’
what is athleticism
a fanatical devotion to sport involving high levels of physical endeavor with moral integrity
how is sportsmanship still evident today
- fair play awards
- hand shaking
- calling the ref ‘sir’
what is sportsmanship
conforming to the rules, spirit and etiquette of a sport
how can sportsmanship can be encouraged
- use of NGB campaigns
- fair play awards
- use of technology to help match officials reach correct decisions
- punish foul play on and off the pitch
- use of positive role models
- rigorous drug testing to ensure fairness
what is simulation
trying to deceive an official by over-acting, e.g. diving to win a free kick
what is citing
players can reported and investigated for dangerous play, whether they are seen by the referee or not
what is gamesmanship
bending the rules and stretching them to their absolute limit without getting caught, using whatever dubious methods possible to achieve the desired result
give example of gamesmanship in elite level modern day sport
- time wasting
- verbally sledging an opponent to distract them or upset them
- taking an time out to appeal a decision when the team appealing knows the decision wont come thru
- deliberate deception of an official to gain advantage.
what is the win ethic
the win at all costs where coming second isn’t viewed as an option and the outcome is all that matters
the win ethic is evident in modern day sports but how
- no drawn games
- managers and coaches are if unsuccessful
- high amounts of deviance
- media praise for winning and negativity for losers
what is positive deviance
behavior which is outside the norms of society but with no intent to harm or break the rules. it involves over-adherence to the norms or expectations of society
E.g. having an injury and trying to play with it, accidentally injuring other players etc.
what is negative deviance
behavior that goes against the norms of society and has a detrimental effect on individuals and society in general
E.g. taking PEDs, deliberately harming an opponent thru aggression and a violence, accepting a bribe to lose, diving to win a penalty in football
what is violence in sport
physical acts committed to harm others in sport such as American football, football and ice hockey
what are the causes for violence in sport
- the win ethic and high rewards for success, adds pressure to performers and increased arousal, if over aroused can lead to violence.
- the nature of the sport, some sports are natural more physical than others. so aggression is normal
- the NGBs don’t punish violence in sport properly, means that for violence the players know they can get off easy and as a result the punishment
- refereeing decisions leads to frustration and then therefore aggression
what are the strategies used to prevent player violence
- supporting decisions of match officials by using VAR/TMO
- punishing violence missed by officials after the match
- promoting good disciplinary records as positive role models in sport
- impose harsh punishments
- education campaigns
what is hooliganism
acts of vandalism and violence in public places committed especially by youths
what is football hooliganism
unruly, violent and destructive behavior by over-zealous supporters of association football clubs
what causes football hooliganism
- emotional intensity and importance of the event e.g. a derby
- too much alcohol and highs caused by drug taking
- poor policing and stewarding
- lack of effective deterrents
- violence of the players can get reflected onto the crowd
- religious discord e.g. Celtic vs rangers
- frustration of a team losing can lead to someone being violent
what are the possible solutions to combat football holiganism
- ban or control alcohol sales
- impose tougher deterrents e.g. bans from matches etc.
- using cctv to identify and eject individuals for their disorder
- removal of terraces, segregation of fans, family zones to make a more civilized environment
- playing kick off times imposed by police (e.g. early KO times can avoid high levels of alcoohl consumption)
- passing laws
what are the negative consequences of spectator violence
- creates a negative depiction of the sport, this may decrease the amount of people of attending matches and simultaneously decreases sponsorship and money to fund the sport.
- some fans may be banned from away games even if they are not violent. they’ll all be treated as hooligans.
- could also disrepute a particular country and their chances of hosting future comeptitons such as the world cup
how could coaches prevent player violence
- Punishing performers who are aggressive, even if they are not punished by the official at the time for example fines or suspensions. - If a manager tells a player who is overly aggressive to leave the club this helps to show the other players that aggressive actions will not be tolerated.
- Substituting the player/ losing their place in the team
- Educating players about aggression and giving them methods to control it. E.g- deep breathing
- Positively reinforcing the performance of non-aggressive players and giving them praise.
- Having players agree to behaviour contracts
- Fine the player or punishing them at training e.g-suicide runs
how do NGBs prevent spectator violence
- Supporting the decisions of match officials
- Punishing violence by performers missed by officials after the match by using video evidence.
- Use of post-match video evidence where individuals have been cited by referees as performing violent actions worthy of further investigation.
- Promoting performers with good disciplinary records as positive role models in their sport.
- Imposing harsh punishments for violent actions on the field of play e.g. - long bans/heavy fines
- Introducing education campaigns/ awards linked to Fair Play e.g.- the FA’s Respect Campaign
what are the social reasons for drug taking and doping
- a win at all costs mentality
- fame and fortune attached to success if they evade detection
- high levels of pressure to win from family, coaches, media etc.
- lack of effective deterrents
- poor role models set a bad example
what are the psychological reasons for using drugs
- some use beta blockers to relax their nerves where fine motor control is required
- others may use anabolic steroids to increase their aggression in high contact sports
- stimulants are used to raise a performers belief that they can achieve even when the competition is of the highest standard
what is doping
in competitive sports, doping refers to the use of banned performance enhancing drugs by athletic competitors
what are anabolic steroids
artificially produced hormones e.g. THG (a banned steroid used to increase power which was tweaked by chemists to make it undetectable in normal tests)
what are the reasons for using anabolic steroids
- they aid storage of protein, promote muscle growth and the development of muscular tissue leading to increased muscular strength and power.
- also lead to less fat in the muscle, a lean body weight
- can improve the body’s capacity to train for longer at higher intensity and decrease fatigue associated with training
what type of athletes use
they are beneficial to power athletes such as sprinters, power lifters etc.
what are the side effects of anabolic steriods
- liver damage
- heart and immune system problems
- acne and behavior changes
what are beta blockers
drugs used to calm an individual down and decrease anxiety by counteracting the adrenaline that interferes with performance by preventing it from binding to nerve receptors.
what are the reasons why beta blockers are used
- they can be used to improve accuracy in precision sports through steadying in the nerves
- they calm performance anxiety and aid performance by keeping the heart rate low and decreasing the tremble in the hands
- they work by widening the arteries allowing increased blood flow and reducing involuntary muscle spasms
which type of athletes would use beta blockers
athletes of high precision sports e.g. archery, snooker, darts, gold etc.
what are the side effects of beta blockers
- tiredness due to low blood pressure and slower heart rate which affects aerobic capacity
what is EPO
Erythropoietin, a natural hormone produced in the kidneys to increase red blood cells. now it can be artificially manufactured to cause an increase in hemoglobin levels.
what are the reasons why athletes would use erythropoietin
- it simulates red blood cell production which leads to an increase in the oxygen-carrying capacity of the body
- this results in an increase an increase of the amount of work performed and therefore increases endurance and delays the onset of fatigue
- an athlete can keep going for longer and recover more quickly from training
which athletes tends to use EPO
endurance athletes (lond-distance runners, cyclists etc.) who need effective oxygen transport in order to succeed in their sport
what are the side effects of EPO
can result to blood clotting, stroke, some cases death
what are stimulants
a drug that induce a temporary improvement in mental and physical function (increased awareness and alertness) e.g. nicotine, caffeine etc.
what are the negative implications of drug taking in sport
- threatens the integrity of the sport
- sports associated with drug cheats clouds the successes of clean athletes
- provides negative role models for developing young athletes, some may feel that they can’t compete if they don’t take drugs
- damages performers health
- athlete can damage their reputation and future prospects
- loss of income
- legal action
what are the positive implications of drug taking in sport
- can bring fame and fortune to those who evade detection (can lead to more money thru sponsorships)
- sport becomes a spectacle leading to more spectators/fans and then more money from sponsors etc.
- drugs can remove effects of genetic inequality
What strategies are used to eliminate performance enhancing drugs
- instil a drug free sporting culture
- organisations involved in drug detection need to work together
- punishment needs to be harder
- investment required into new testing programmes
- name and shame policy
- guilty athletes lose funding
What are the arguments that drugs should be legalised
- battle to detect drugs is becoming expensive and time consuming. Money could be better off elsewhere
- detection is not always effective, drug testers are one step behind as new drug become available
- drugs can be taken accidentally
- sacrifices made by a performer are their personal choice
- if everyone takes drugs, it levels the playing field and increases the performance standards physiologically and psychologically
- if drug testing is properly monitored, health risks may be lessened
What are the arguements that drugs shouldn’t be legalised
- dangerous side effects.
- creates negative role models - sets bad example from young athletes who may be tempted to use them
- drug use gives negative image to certain sports because it gives an unfair advantage and are immoral, unethical and against the fair play ethic
- drug taking is illegal and cheating
- success in sports should be about hard work and natural talent and drug use is outside this concept
- can lead to loss of sponsorship, medals/achievements, future prospects etc.
- may be subject to legal disputes
What are the reasons for why athletes might need assistance from the law during their sports careers
- spectators attacking players
- opponents being too violent t
- contractual issues with employers
- equality of opportunites
- refereeing negligence
What is negligence
Conduct that falls below a reasonable person standard and leads to a breach of duty of care which results in foreseeable harm to another
What is duty of care
A legal obligation imposed on someone if they are responsible for a group of people
Give an example of negligence
Allowing a match to be played on surface that hasn’t been checked prior to the match starting
How do coaches have a legal responsibility to their athletes
- health and safety, access to first aid; means to contact emergency services
- protection from abuse, should protect children from all form of abuse both emotional and physical
- supplements, legal and ethical responsibility to educate athletes about drug use and abuse and provide general and appropriate advice on legal nutrition and supplements which can be used to enhance performance
- duty of care
How does a coach carry out their duty of care
- keeping up to date contacts
- maintaining appropriate supervision ratios (e.g. 24 students to one teacher)
- ensuring that first aid provision is available at the club
- ensuring DBS clearance
- making sure appropriate risk assessments for the activities being coached
What are the measures introduced to ensure safety and to overcome hooliganism at sports events
- removal of perimeter fences; all seater stadia to replace terraces
- control of alcohol sales on the way and in grounds
- specified kick off times imposed by the police (e.g. early KOs to reduce likelihood of alcohol consumption)
- increased security and police presence
- tougher deterrents
what is the golden triangle
the idea that the media are all strongly interlinked and mutually dependant
what are the advantages of the golden triangle to elite sport
- increased income to the sport for allowing events to be televised
- increased promotion of the sport to gain more fans and popularity
- increased sponsorship and income from business sources to have their name at grounds and sporting events
- sports are organised and funded which improves the way they are run
- improved facilities benefits performer and spectator alike
what are the disadvantages of the golden triangle to elite sport
- possibility of sensationalist media reporting which focuses too much on negative aspects of a sport
- the media and sponsors can dictate kick off times and scheduling of sports events, tot he detriment of performers and fans
- the media and sponsors
- can change the nature of a sporting activity (longer breaks in play for advertising)
- sponsors and media can bee too demanding on elite performers and coaches
- sponsorship deals can increase the pressure to win or maintain lucrative contracts with companies willing to pay for an association with successful sports and sports performer
what is ring-fencing
a number of sporting events at a national and international level must be available for viewing on terrestrial or free-to-access TV rather than on satellite and subscription channels
what are the reasons for the continued ring-fencing of certain major sporting events
- to access the widest number and range of viewers
- to avoid restricting coverage to subscription channels available only to those who can afford them
- to increase geographical access to all viewers in all parts of the country to major events
- to enable viewing of certain events which are seen as part of our sporting heritage and culture
- to enable access to sporting events which should be freely available to all to view
what characteristics make a sport particularly attractive to the media
- they have high levels of skill for viewers to watch and admire
- they are visually appealing and demonstrate physical challenge
- easily understood with relatively simple rule structures
- they are seen as nationally relevant with easily identifiable personalities and role models.
what are the advantages of media coverage
- increase the profile of the sport and role models within it
- increased participation
- more variation of a sport (e.g. T20 cricket) to make it media friendly
- generates higher levels of income and sport more appealing to sponsors and therefore develops future commercial opportunities to the sport and performers
- increased standards in performances as well as behaviour
- rule changes leading to a speeding up of action/more excitement in a sport (e.g. pen shoot-outs etc.)
what are the disadvantages of media coverage
- NGBs/sports performers lose control to TV sponsors
- media control the location of events as well as kick off times
- too much sport on TV can lead to possible boredom and reduced attendance for local teams/less popular sports
- inequalities of coverage, more popular gain at the expense of minority sports like squash
- demands of media and sponsors negatively impact on high level performers
- media can over-dramatise certain negative events in sport
- more breaks in play disrupting the spectator experience
Define commercialism
The process of attempting to gain money from an activity e.g. sport
Define sponsorship
When a company pays for their products to be publicly displayed or advertised usually as an attempt to increase the sales of their goods
Define merchandising
The practise in which the brand or image from one product is used to sell another e.g. pro sports teams performers promote various products
What are the characteristics of commercial sports
- professional sport ; High quality
- sponsorship and business
- sport is a part of mass entertainment
- contracts
- athletes as commodities
- wide media coverage
What are the effects of commercialisation on professional performers
- receiving high incomes for sport participation and commercial activities
- paid for successful results ; makes winning important
- can be put under pressure to perform when injured
- must specialise in a sport in order to compete
- entertainers become household names ; e.g. Messi and Ronaldo
- performers may suffer from a lack of privacy
What are the effects of commercialisation on sport
- rules and scoring systems have been changed to prevent spectator boredom
- broadcast breaks to promote products of sponsors
- competition formats have changed ; T20 cricket
- sports played women receive less coverage ; negative impacts on participation and funding for female sports
- increased use of technology led to a more personal experience for the viewer
Why do companies invest large amounts into sport
- increases sales, publicity, profit, brand awareness
- creates association with excellence (due to high level of sport) and healthy image
- opportunity to link to corporate hospitality
- sponsorship can decrease amount of tax paid by a company
- improves company morale
Define globalisation
The process whereby nations are increasingly being linked together and people are becoming more independent via improvement in communication and travel
How is globalisation in sport seen through
- sponsorship of events
- the way players are recruited to play to play for teams not in their country
- spreading of different sports to new nations e.g. 1994 World Cup was hosted in America a country not fully associated with football at the time
- increasing pressure on athletes to perform to they best ; may lead to use of illegal substances to maintain high performance levels and the rewards with them
what is research
a systematic process of investigation and study carried out with the aim of advancing knowledge
what is sports analytics
studying data from sports performances to try to improve performance
what is quantitative data
data that can be written down or measured precisely and numerically
what is qualitative data
data that is descriptive and looks at the way people think or feel
what is objective data
fact-based information which is measurable and usable (not affected by the thoughts and beliefs of the researcher)
what is subjective data
data based on personal opinions, assumptions etc.
what does validity refer to
an indication of whether the data collected actually measures what it claims
what does reliability refer to
to the degree to which data collection is consistent and stable over time
what is video motion analysis
a technique used to get information about moving objects from video. it is useful in the individual analysis of technical performance
video motion analysis has developed into two distinct sport science disciplines called
- notional match analysis
- biomechanics
what is notional match analysis
- used to record aspects of individual/team performance
- take place thru the study of movement patterns, strategy and tacits
- gathers objective data
what is biomechanics (as a video motion analysis method)
- used to analyse the sporting impact of body movements.
- ## quantitative based
