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AQA A-Level PE > Biomechanical Principles and Levers (Paper 2) > Flashcards

Biomechanical Principles and Levers (Paper 2) Flashcards

1
Q

What does a lever consist of

A

Fulcrum
Load
Effort

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2
Q

What represents the levers

A

Bones

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3
Q

What represents joints

A

Fulcrum

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4
Q

What represents the effort

A

The muscle

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5
Q

What represents the load

A

The weight of body part being moved/resistance

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6
Q

What are the three types of levers

A

First class lever
Second class lever
Third class lever

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7
Q

What does each classification of the levers depend on

A

The position of the fulcrum, load and effort in relation to each other

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8
Q

What is located on the centre of a first class lever

A

The fulcrum

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9
Q

What are the two examples of first class levers in the body

A

Movement of head and neck during flexion and extension
Extension of the elbow

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10
Q

What is located in the middle of a second class lever

A

The load

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11
Q

Give an example of a second class lever

A

Plantar flexion of the ankle

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12
Q

What is located in the middle of a third class lever

A

The effort

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13
Q

Give examples of third class levers in the body

A

Hip, knee and elbow flexion

(Most levers in the body are third class)

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14
Q

What is the effort arm

A

The length of the line between where the fulcrum and effort are labelled

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15
Q

What is the load arm

A

The length of the line between where the fulcrum and the load are labelled

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16
Q

What is a mechanical disadvanatge

A

-When the load arm of a lever is longer than the effort arm
-the lever system cannot move as heavy a load but can do it faster
-large range of movement

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17
Q

What is mechanical advantage

A

-When the effort arm is longer than the load arm
-means that the lever system can move a large load over a short distance and requires little force
-Small range of movement
-difficult to generate speed and distance

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18
Q

What is linear motion

A

Motion in a straight or curved line, with all body parts moving the same distance at the same speed in the same direction

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19
Q

Give an example of linear motion

A
  • 100m athlete will travel with linear motion in a straight line during their race
  • 200m athlete will travel with linear motion in a curved line when running the bend
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20
Q

What is inertia

A

The resistance an object has to a change in its state of motion

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21
Q

What is Newton’s first law of inertia

A

A force is required to change the state of motion of an object

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22
Q

What is Newton’s second law of acceleration

A

The magnitude (size) and direction of the force determines the magnitude and direction of the acceleration on an object

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23
Q

What is Newton’s third law of motion

A

For every action (force) there is an equal opposite reaction (force)

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24
Q

Give a sporting example of Newton’s first law

A

In the high jump, the athlete runs horizontally towards the bar and then changes their state of motion at take-off when they travel vertically to try and clear the bar

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25
Q

Give a sporting example of Newton’s second law of acceleration

A

To provide the acceleration at the start of a sprint race an athlete will have to apply a large force internally with their gluteals, quadriceps and gastrocnemius as they drive forward

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26
Q

Give a sporting example of Newton’s third law of motion

A

At the start of a sprint race the athlete pushes back in the blocks as hard as possible and the blocks push forward on the athlete and provides forward acceleration on the athlete

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27
Q

What is ground reaction force

A

The equal and opposite force exerted on a performer who applies a muscular force on the ground

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28
Q

What is a scalar quantity

A

When measurements are described in terms of just their size or magnitude

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29
Q

Give examples of scalar quantities

A

Speed, distance, mass, temperature

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30
Q

What is speed

A

The rate of change of position and can be calculated by speed = distance/time

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31
Q

What is distance

A

The length of the path a body follows when moving from one position to another

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32
Q

What is the centre of mass

A
  • point of balance
  • due to the irregular shape of human and it’s constant motion it is hard to identify this point
  • e.g. raising your arm in the air raises the centre of mass to keep the body balance
  • COM is usually in between the hip region when standing
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33
Q

What is the line of gravity

A

This is the line extending vertically downwards from the centre of mass and should be central over the base of support to increase stability

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34
Q

What factors affect your stability

A
  • height of the centre of mass
  • position of the line of gravity
  • area of the support base
  • Mass of the performer
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35
Q

What does the area of support base refer to

A

The amount of contact points of the person

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36
Q

How does lowering you centre of mass affect stability

A

It increases stability. A low stance makes it harder for an opponent to push you over

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37
Q

What is the mechanical advantage of a second class lever

A
  • can generate much larger forces
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38
Q

What is the mechanical disadvantage of second class levers

A
  • slow
  • limited range of movement
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39
Q

What is the mechanical advantage of a first and third class lever

A
  • large range of movement
  • any resistance can be quickly moved
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40
Q

What is the mechanical disadvantage of first and third class levers

A

Cannot apply much force to move an object

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41
Q

what does a vector quantity refer to

A

when measurements are described in terms of their size and direction

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42
Q

give examples of scalar quantities

A

weight
momentum
dispalcement

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43
Q

how are vectors represented

A

by arrows, the length of which shows the magnitude

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44
Q

how is direction shown

A

by a line of application
point of application
and an arrow head

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45
Q

what is mass

A
  • the scalar quantity of matter the body possesses
  • measured in kg
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46
Q

what is weight

A
  • the gravitational force exerted on an object (vector)
  • measured in newtons
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47
Q

what is distance

A

measured in metres and is the path a body takes as it moves from the starting to the finishing position

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48
Q

what is displacement

A

measured in metres and is the shortest route in a straight line between the starting and finishing point

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49
Q

what is speed

A
  • a measurement in m/s of the body movement per unit of time with no reference to direction
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50
Q

what is velocity

A

measured in m/s and is the rate of change of displacement

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51
Q

how do you calculate speed

A

speed(m/s) = distance(m) / time (s)

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52
Q

how is velocity calculated

A

velocity (m/s) = displacement (m) / time (s)

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53
Q

what is happening when a distance time graph shows a straight horizontal line

A

the performer/object is stationary

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54
Q

what is happening when a distance time graph shows a straight diagonal line

A

the performer is moving at a constant speed

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55
Q

what is happening when a distance time graph shows a line that is curved and gradually gets steeper

A

the performer is accelerating

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56
Q

what is happening when a distance time graph shows a steep curve and starts to becomes levelled off

A

the performer is decelerating

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57
Q

what does a distance time graph look like

A

distance on the y axis time on the x axis and then a line to represent the information

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58
Q

what does a constant velocity look like on a velocity time graph

A

a straight horizontal line

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59
Q

what does an accelerating velocity look like on a distance time graph

A

the gradient of the line gets steeper

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60
Q

what does a decelerating velocity look like on a distance time graph

A

a decreasing gradient

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61
Q

what happens when the line in the velocity time graph is above the x axis but then goes below the axis and returns to the x axis

A

this means there has been a change in direction

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62
Q

what is acceleration

A

the rate of change of velocity measured in m/s2

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63
Q

how is acceleration calculated

A

acceleration (m/s2) = change in velocity (m/s) / time (s)

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64
Q

how docalculate change in velocity

A

final velocity - initial velocity

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65
Q

what is momentum

A

the product of mass and velocity of an object

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66
Q

how do you calculate momentum

A

momentum (kg/s) = mass (kg) x velocity (m/s)

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67
Q

what two types of forces act upon a performer during linear motion

A

internal
external

68
Q

what is an internal force

A

force generated by the skeletal muscles (e.g. quads contract concentrically to extend the knee in a jump)

69
Q

what is an external force

A

a force coming from outside the body (friction, air resistance, weight)

70
Q

what is the conservation of momentum

A

when momentum cant be changed. for example in flight neither mass or velocity can be altered so means momentum cant either

71
Q

how can external forces be categorised as

A
  • vertical
  • horizontal
72
Q

give an example of vertical force

A

weight
reaction force

73
Q

give an example of horizontal force

A
  • friction
  • air resistance
74
Q

what is reaction force

A

there is always a reaction force when two bodies are in contact with each other.

75
Q

what is friction

A

a force that always opposes motion

76
Q

what are the two types of friction

A
  • static
  • sliding
77
Q

what is static friction

A

Force exerted when there is no motion between 2 surfaces

78
Q

what is sliding friction

A

a force that occurs between two surfaces which are in contact and trying to move past each other.

79
Q

What factors affect friction

A
  • the roughness of the surface
  • Mass of the object
  • the temperature of the 2 surfaces
80
Q

How does the roughness of the surface affect friction

A

The rougher the surface, the greater the friction.

81
Q

How do athletics athletes increase friction

A

Athletics athletes wear spikes to increase friction and maximise acceleration.

82
Q

How does the mass of an object affect friction

A

The greater the mass, the greater the friction: for example, mountain biking up a muddy hill, stand up over front driving wheel for better grip

83
Q

How does the temperature of 2 surfaces affect friction

A

Increase in temperature, reduces the friction.

84
Q

What is air resistance

A

A force that acts in the opposite direction to the motion of a body travelling through the air

85
Q

What three things is air resistance dependant on

A
  • velocity of the moving object
  • frontal cross sectional area of the moving body
  • the shape and surface of the moving body
86
Q

How does the velocity of the object affect air resistance

A

The faster an object is moving, the more it is subject to air resistance.

87
Q

How does the frontal cross sectional area of the moving body affect air resistance

A

The larger the frontal cross section the greater the effects of air resistance.

88
Q

How does the shape and surface of the moving object affect air resistance

A

Streamlined shape = less resistance, as does a smooth surface

89
Q

How are free body diagrams supposed to be shown

A
  • Arrows straight and the length of the line represents how strong the force applied is
  • arrows represent forces (weight, air resistance, friction, reaction)
90
Q

What is net force

A

This is the resultant force acting on a body when all other forces have been considered

91
Q

What is a balanced force

A

A balanced force is when there are 2 or more forces acting on a body that are equal in size but opposite in direction

92
Q

What is an unbalanced force

A

An unbalanced force is created when a force acting in one direction is larger than the force acting in the opposite direction

93
Q

What occurs when friction is greater than air resistance

A

Acceleration

94
Q

What occurs when air resistance is greater than friction

A

Deceleration

95
Q

What is a vector diagram

A

Diagrams that show the direction and magnitude of a vector, by vector arrows, on a graph

96
Q

What is impulse

A

How long it takes for a force to be applied

97
Q

How do you calculate impulse

A

Force x Time (measured in KG/s)

98
Q

How is impulse linked to momentum

A

If the impulse increases so to does the rate of change of momentum. This will cause a large change in velocity

99
Q

How do you use impulse to increase speed

A
  • Increase the amount of internal muscular force applied.
  • Increase the amount of time in which the force is applied (following thru in tennis to increase the time in contact with the ball)
100
Q

How do you use impulse to decrease speed

A

Increase the time that the force acts on a body. For example, absorbing landing in gymnastics or pushing feet into the ground after 60m sprint.

101
Q

What is a force time graph

A
  • A graph to show impulse
  • positive and negative on y axis
  • time along the x
102
Q

What is angular motion

A

Movement of a body in a circular path about an axis of rotation

103
Q

How is angular motion created

A

By an eccentric force (a force applied outside the centre of mass, creating a rotating movement)

104
Q

What are the axis of rotation

A
  • transverse (Sagittal)
  • Sagittal (frontal)
  • longitudinal (transverse)
105
Q

How does the Sagittal axis run

A

Front to back

106
Q

Give an example of the movement around the Sagittal axis

A

A cartwheel

107
Q

How does the transverse axis run

A

Side to side across the body

108
Q

Give an example of movement around the transverse axis

A

Somersault

109
Q

How does the longitudinal axis run

A

Top to bottom

110
Q

Give an example of a movement in the longitudinal axis

A

Spinning in ice skating

111
Q

Angular motion occurs as a result of…..

A

Torque/moment of force

112
Q

What does torque cause

A

Torque is the turning force, it causes an object to turn about is axis of rotation

113
Q

Torque is dependant on two things…

A
  • size of the force, greater the size of force greater the torque
  • application of the same force, if the same force is applied further away from the axis torque will be increased.
114
Q

How is moment of force/torque calculated

A

torque (Nm) = Force (N) x Perpendicular distance to the fulcrum (m)

115
Q

What does a body need to have to be in equilibrium

A

The resistance arm must equal the effort arm

116
Q

How can newtons 1st law be related to angular motion

A

Every body continues in its state of rest or will turn about its axis of rotation unless compelled to change that state by an external rotational force (torque) acting upon it

117
Q

How can Newton’s second law be made applicable to angular motion

A

The rate of change of angular momentum (acceleration) of a body is proportional to the force (torque) causing it and the change that takes place in the direction which the force (torque) acts

118
Q

How can Newton’s third law be made applicable to angular motion

A

When a force (torque) is applied by one body to another, the second body will exert an equal and opposite force (torque) on the other body

119
Q

How do you calculate angular momentum

A

Angular momentum = moment of inertia x angular velocity

120
Q

What is moment of inertia

A

The resistance of a body to change its state of angular motion or rotation

121
Q

How could Newton’s first law in relation to angular motion be shown

A

Ice skater spinning, They will continue to spin until they land on the ice when an external force (torque) is exerted from the ice on their skates which changes their state of motion

122
Q

What factors affect moment of inertia

A
  • Mass
  • distribution of mass from The axis
123
Q

How does mass affect moment of inertia

A

The greater the mass, the greater the moment of inertia

124
Q

How does the distribution of mass affect the moment of inertia

A

The further the distribution of mass from the axis the greater the moment of inertia

125
Q

How is moment of inertia calculated

A

Moment of inertia (kg/m2) = mass x distribution from the axis

126
Q

How are angular velocity and momentum of inertia related to

A
  • If the moment of inertia is low angular velocity is high
  • If the moment of inertia is high angular velocity will be low
127
Q

What is angular displacement

A

This is the smallest change in angle between the starting and finishing point. Measured in radians.

128
Q

How many degrees is one radian

A

57.3 degrees

129
Q

What is angular velocity

A

Refers to the rotational speed of an object and the axis about which the object is rotating. Measured in rads/s

130
Q

How do you calculate angular velocity

A

Angular velocity (rads/s) = Angular displacement (rad)/ time taken (s)

131
Q

What is angular acceleration

A

This is the rate of change of angular velocity. Measured rad/s2

132
Q

How do you calculate angular acceleration

A

Angular acceleration (rad/s2) = change in velocity (rads/s) / time taken (s)

133
Q

What is the conservation of angular momentum

A

If the mass moves closer to the axis of rotation, moment of inertia increases/decreases and angular velocity increases/decreases because angular momentum is conserved

(If one increases, the other decreases. Both cannot increase at the same time, only one)

134
Q

What is projectile motion

A

Refers to the movement of an object that has been thrown, hit, kicked etc. or the human body as it travels through the air

135
Q

What factors affect the horizontal displacement of a projectile

A
  • angle of release
  • velocity of release
  • height of release
136
Q

When the release height and landing height are the same…

A

The optimum release angle is 45°

137
Q

When the release height is greater/higher than the landing height…..

A

The optimum release angle is less then 45°

138
Q

When the release height is below the landing height….

A

The optimum release angle is more than 45°

139
Q

Which sport has the same release and landing heights

A

Long jump

140
Q

Which sport has the release height lower than the landing height

A

Basketball

141
Q

Which sport has the release height higher than the landing height

A

Cricket, shot put, tennis etc.

142
Q

How does the velocity of release affect the horizontal displacement of the projectile

A

An increase in velocity will increase horizontal displacement

143
Q

How does the height of release affect the horizontal displacement

A

An increase in the release height will increase horizontal displacement due to the force of gravity constantly acting on the object

144
Q

What two forces affect the flight path of projectiles

A

Weight
Air resistance

145
Q

Weight and air resistance are crucial in deciding whether an object has a….

A
  • True parabola (uniform curve/symmetrical) e.g. shot put
  • distorted parabola (deviates from true parabola) e.g. shuttlecock
146
Q

The longer the flight path…

A

The longer the air resistance can affect a projectile

147
Q

The lighter the mass of the object….

A

The more susceptible it is to air resistance

148
Q

What is fluid mechanics

A

The study of objects or humans that travels through liquid or gases

149
Q

What is dynamic fluid forces

A

Forces such as drag or lift, concerned with the movement if liquid or gas

150
Q

What sports does fluid dynamics have effects on

A

Cycling, swimming, f1, sprinting, discus, javelin

151
Q

What is drag

A

Drag is a resistance force caused by a body travelling through a fluid. Drag acts in opposition to the direction of motion and has a negative effect on velocity.

152
Q

What are the two types of drag

A
  • Form
  • surface
153
Q

What is surface drag

A

Friction between the surface and the fluid environment

154
Q

Who do swimmers overcome drag

A
  • Shave off body hair
  • skin tight suits and caps
155
Q

What is form drag

A

The impact of the fluid environment on an object

156
Q

What is streamlining

A

Shaping a body so it can move through fluid effectively and quickly enabling air to flow smoothly and reducing drag

157
Q

What is turbulent flow

A

Flow in which the fluid undergoes irregular fluctuations in magnitude and direction

158
Q

What is laminar flow

A

Layers of fluid slide smoothly over one another. They undertake smooth paths or layers and are less resistant to movement

159
Q

What factors affect drag

A
  • velocity of the moving body
  • the cross sectional area of the moving body
  • shape and surface of the moving body
160
Q

How does the velocity of a moving body affect drag

A

The greater the velocity of a body through a fluid, the greater the drag.

161
Q

How is the equipment used in velodrome cycling made to reduce drag

A
  • helmet designed to increase laminar flow
  • skin tight clothing
  • Carbon fibre frame, light and streamlined disc brakes and other aero features
162
Q

How do cyclists and speed skiers reduce drag by decreasing their frontal cross sectional area

A

The skiers cyclists will crouch and elbows tucked

163
Q

How does the shape and surface of the body affect drag

A

You want a stremalined shape and a smooth surface. This is so that the body can promote laminar flow rather than turbulent flow.

164
Q

What is the Bernoulli principle

A

The theory that an increase in speed of a fluid occurs as a result of a decrease in pressure

165
Q

What is lift force

A

The force that causes a body to move perpendicular to the direction of travel

166
Q

What is the airfoil shape

A

The shape of a streamlined body which is capable of generating more lift than drag

167
Q

How is lift force achieved

A

For air that travels above the shape/surface: Air travels further over the top. This creates high velocity and low pressure

For air that travels below the shape/surface: Air has less distance to travel underneath. This creates low velocity and high pressure

AQA A-Level PE (11 decks)

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