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AQA A-Level PE > The Musculoskeletal System - Applied Anatomy and Physiology (Paper 1) > Flashcards

The Musculoskeletal System - Applied Anatomy and Physiology (Paper 1) Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three types of joints

A

Fibrous
Cartilaginous
Synovial

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2
Q

Fibrous joints are…

A

Fixed

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3
Q

Cartilaginous joints are….

A

Slightly moveable joints

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4
Q

Synovial joints are….

A

Freely movable joints

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5
Q

What does articulating bones refer to

A

Refer to the bones that meet and move at the joint

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6
Q

What is a ball and socket joint

A

-formed by the round head of one bone and fitting into the cup shaped capsule of the connecting bone
-Hip and shoulder joints are ball and socket joints
-allows movement in every direction

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7
Q

What is a hinge joint

A

-Allows movement in only one direction, dues to the bones making up the joint
-Ankle, knee, elbow are hinge joints

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8
Q

What is the Saggital plane

A

vertical plane which divides the body into right and left halves

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9
Q

What is the frontal plane

A
  • a vertical plane that divides the body onto front and back halves
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10
Q

What is the transverse plane

A

A horizontal plane that divides the body into upper and lower halves

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11
Q

Give an example movements in the Sagittal plane

A

Extension and Flexion

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12
Q

Give an example of movement in the frontal plane

A

abduction and adduction

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13
Q

Give an example of movement in the transverse plane

A

Rotation

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14
Q

Give an example of movement in the transverse axis

A

Extension and flexion

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15
Q

Give an example of movement in the saggital axis

A

Abduction and adduction

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16
Q

Give an example of movement in the longitudinal axis

A

Rotation

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17
Q

What axis will always be paired with the saggital plane

A

Transverse axis

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18
Q

What axis will always be paired with the frontal plane

A

Saggital axis

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19
Q

What axis will always be paired up with the transverse plane

A

Longitudinal axis

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20
Q

How does the transverse axis run

A

From side to side across the body

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21
Q

How does the saggital axis run

A

From front to back

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22
Q

How does the longitudinal axis run

A

From top to bottom

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23
Q

Which movements occur in a saggital plane about a transverse axis

A
  • Flexion, extension
  • plantar flexion, dorsi flexion
  • hyper-extension
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24
Q

What movements occur in a frontal plane about a saggital axis

A

Abduction and adduction

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25
Q

What movements occur in a transverse plane about a longitudinal axis

A

Horizontal abduction and horizontal adduction

26
Q

What is flexion

A

Decreasing the angle between the bones of a joint

27
Q

What is extension

A

Increasing the angle between bones of a joint

28
Q

What is plantar flexion

A

Pointing the toes/pushing up on to your toes

29
Q

What is dorsi flexion

A

Pulling the toes up to the shin

30
Q

What is hyper extension

A

Increasing the angle beyond 180° between the bones of a joint

31
Q

What is abduction

A

A movement away from the midline of the body

32
Q

What is adduction

A

A movement towards the midline of the body

33
Q

What is horizontal abduction

A

Movement of the body part backwards across the body to abduction

34
Q

What is horizontal adduction

A

The movement of the body part forwards across the body at 90° to adduction

35
Q

Define agonist

A

The muscle that is responsible for the movement that is occurring, the muscle which contracts whilst the movement happens

36
Q

Define antagonist

A

The muscle that works in opposition to the agonist, the muscle that is relaxing while a movement happens

37
Q

Can there be more than one agonist

A

Yes there can although this does depend on the type of movement that is being performed

38
Q

What is the iliopsoas also known as

A

The hip flexors

39
Q

What are the three parts of the quadriceps

A

Rectus femoris
Vastus lateralis
Vastus medialis

40
Q

What are the three parts of the hamstring

A

Biceps Femoris
Semitendinosus
Semimembranosus

41
Q

What is the agonist and antagonist for this joint action : Elbow flexion

A

Agonist: Biceps
Antagonist: Triceps
Type of joint: hinge joint
Articulating bones: humerus and ulna
Plane and axis: Sagittal plane/frontal axis

42
Q

What is the agonist and antagonist for this joint action : Elbow extension

A

Agonist: Triceps
Antagonist: Biceps
Type of joint: hinge joint
Articulating bones: humerus and ulna
Plane and axis: Sagittal plane and Frontal axis

43
Q

What is the agonist and antagonist for this joint action : Ankle plantar-flexion

A

Agonist: Gastrocnemius
Antagonist: Tibialis anterior
Type of joint: hinge joint
Articulating bones: talus and tibia
Plane and axis: Sagittal plane and Frontal axis

44
Q

What is the agonist and antagonist for this joint action : Ankle dorsi flexion

A

Agonist: tibialis anterior
Antagonist: gastrocnemius
Type of joint: hinge joint
Articulating bones: talus and tibia
Plane and Axis: Sagittal plane and Frontal axis

45
Q

What is the agonist and antagonist for this joint action : Knee flexion

A

Agonist: hamstring
Antagonist: quadriceps
Type of joint: hinge joint
Articulating bones: femur and tibia
Plane and Axis: Sagittal plane and frontal axis

46
Q

What is the agonist and antagonist for this joint action : Knee extension

A

Agonist: quadriceps
Antagonist: hamstrings
Type of joint: hinge joint
Articulating bones: femur and tibia
Plane and Axis: Sagittal plane and frontal axis

47
Q

What is the agonist and antagonist for this joint action : Hip flexion

A

Agonist: hip flexors
Antagonist: gluteals
Type of joint: ball and socket joint
Articulating bones: femur and pelvis
Plane and axis: Sagittal plane and Frontal plane

48
Q

What is the agonist and antagonist for this joint action : hip extension/hyper extension

A

Agonist: gluteals
Antagonist: hip flexors
Type of joint: ball and socket joint
Articulating bones: femur and pelvis
Plane and axis: Sagittal plane and frontal axis

49
Q

What is the agonist and antagonist for this joint action : hip adduction

A

Agonist: adductors
Antagonist: gluteus medius and tensor fascia latae
Type of joint: ball and socket joint
Articulating bones: femur and pelvis
Plane and axis: Frontal plane and Sagittal axis

50
Q

What is the agonist and antagonist for this joint action : hip abduction

A

Agonist: tensor fascia latae and gluteus medius
Antagonist: adductors
Type of joint: ball and socket
Articulating bones: femur and pelvis
Plane and axis: Frontal plane and Sagittal axis

51
Q

What is the agonist and antagonist for this joint action : hip horizontal adduction

A

Agonist: Adductors
Antagonist: Tensor fascia latae and gluteus medius
Type of joint: ball and socket
Articulating bones: femur and pelvis
Plane and axis: Transverse plane and longitudinal axis

52
Q

What is the agonist and antagonist for this joint action : hip horizontal abduction

A

Agonist: tensor fascia latae and gluteus medius
Antagonist: adductors
Type of joint: ball and socket joint
Articulating bones: femur and pelvis
Plane and axis: Transverse plane and longitudinal axis

53
Q

What is the agonist and antagonist for this joint action : shoulder flexion

A

Agonist: anterior deltoid
Antagonist: latissimus dorsi
Type of joint: ball and socket
Articulating bones: humerus and scapula
Plane and axis: Sagittal plane and Frontal axis

54
Q

What is the agonist and antagonist for this joint action : shoulder extension/hyper extension

A

Agonist: latissimus dorsi
Antagonist: anterior deltoid
Type of joint: ball and socket
Articulating bones: humerus and scapula
Plane and axis: Sagittal plane and Frontal plane

55
Q

What is the agonist and antagonist for this joint action : shoulder horizontal abduction

A

Agonist: latissimus dorsi
Antagonist: pectorals
Type of joint: ball and socket joint
Articulating bones: humerus and scapula
Plane and axis: Transverse plane Longitudinal axis

56
Q

What is the agonist and antagonist for this joint action : shoulder horizontal adduction

A

Agonist: pectorals
Antagonist: latissimus dorsi
Type of joints: ball and socket joint
Articulating bones: humerus and scapula
Plane and axis: Transverse plane Longitudinal axis

57
Q

What is the agonist and antagonist for this joint action : shoulder adduction

A

Agonist: posterior deltoid/latissimus dorsi
Antagonist: middle deltoid
Type of joint: ball and socket
Articulating bones: humerus and scapula
Plane and axis: frontal plane and Sagittal axis

58
Q

What is the agonist and antagonist for this joint action : shoulder abduction

A

Agonist: middle deltoid
Antagonist: posterior deltoid/latissimus dorsi
Type of joint: ball and socket
Articulating bones: humerus and scapula
Plane and axis: frontal plane and Sagittal axis

59
Q

What is a concentric contraction

A

When a muscle shortens under tension
E.g. elbow flexion, biceps brachii is the agonist

60
Q

What is eccentric contraction

A

When a muscle lengthens under tension or performs negative work and acts like a brake
E.g. triceps lengthen under tension, acts like a brake in the middle of a push up

61
Q

What is a isometric contraction

A

When a muscle is under tension but there is no visible movement
E.g. muscles are contracting in plank but no visible movement

62
Q

What is a isotonic contraction

A

When a muscles length changes to create a movement
Two types: concentric and eccentric

AQA A-Level PE (11 decks)

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