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Specialised Anatomy for SLT > The Nervous System 2 > Flashcards

The Nervous System 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the brainstem?

A

A channel for sensory and motor pathways.

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2
Q

What does the brain stem connect to?

A

The Spinal Cord.

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3
Q

The cerebellum has 2 _______.

A

Hemispheres.

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4
Q

The cerebellum confects with the ____ _____ via 3 pathways.

A

Brain Stem.

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5
Q

What is the function of the cerebellum?

A

It ensures the coordination of movement, this is important for balance and speech production.

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6
Q

What does damage to the cerebellum affect?

A

It affects production of steady movement.

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7
Q

What is the cerebellum’s role in speech production?

A

The coordination of the various muscle groups in order to produce a smooth flow of speech (and swallowing).

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8
Q

What region of the brain plays an important role in the integration of sensory perception and motor output?

A

The Cerebellum.

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9
Q

How would damage to the cerebellum affect speech?

A

It would cause slurring of speech.

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10
Q

The cerebellum is responsible for the _____-_____ of all movements from the _______. It then passes this to the _____ _____ which is then sent to the _____.

A

Fine-Tuning, Cortex. Brain stem, Muscles.

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11
Q

What is the main way to get information down to the brain stem?

A

Through connections and pathways.

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12
Q

Name the 2 categories of tracts within cerebral connection.

A
  • Projection Tracts

- Association Tracts.

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13
Q

What are projection tracts?

A

They are sending tracts.

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14
Q

Projection tracts are mass fans of _____ ________.

A

Long Axons.

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15
Q

Projection tracts are _____ down to the ____ ______; where they come together.

A

Funnelled, Brain Stem.

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16
Q

What cerebral connection connects the cortex to the brainstem?

A

Projection Tracts.

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17
Q

Name the 2 types of projection tract.

A
  • Corticobulbar

- Corticospinal.

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18
Q

Apart from projection tracts, name the other type of tract.

A

Association Tracts.

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19
Q

Name the particular association tract we focus on.

A

Arcuate Fasciculus.

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20
Q

The Arcuate Fasciculus is a _____ of _______.

A

Bundle, Axons.

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21
Q

Where does the Arcuate Fasciculus exist?

A

It exists within and between lobes.

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22
Q

The Arcuate fasciculus exists within and between lobes, what is the name for this?

A

Intrahemispheric.

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23
Q

Explain what the Arcuate Fasciculus is and what it does.

A

It is an axon pathway connecting speech and language cortical areas.

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24
Q

In the Left Hemisphere, what does the Arcuate Fasciculus connect?

A

It connects Wernicke’s Area with Broca’s area.

It goes from Wernicke’s Area to passing through the Angular Gyri, then the Supra-Maringal Gyri to get to Broca’s Area.

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25
Q

What can Projection Pathways (descending pathways) also be known as, due to their shape?

A

Pyramidal Tracts.

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26
Q

Pyramidal Tracts are the _________ structures found at the front of the _____ _______, this is where crossing over of ____ control occurs.

A

Pyramid, Brainstem, Motor.

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27
Q

Name the Pyramidal Tracts (projection tracts).

A

Corticobulbar tract

Corticospinal tract.

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28
Q

What does bulbar refer to?

A

The brain stem.

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29
Q

In both the Corticospinal tract and Corticobulbar tract, where do the fibres originate from?

A

The Cortex (cell bodies of upper motor neurons).

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30
Q

Where does the Corticobulbar tract end?

A

In the Brainstem. (medulla)

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31
Q

The Corticobulbar tract goes from the cortex, to the _____, to the ______ and then stops at the _____ ________.

A

Medulla.

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32
Q

What is the Corticobulbar Tract most important for?

A

The control of upper apparatus eg. larynx, tongue etc.

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33
Q

The Pyramid structure of the Corticobulbar tract is found at the ___________.

A

Medulla.

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34
Q

What pyramidal tract sends information to the cranial nerves?

A

The Corticobulbar Tract.

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35
Q

Name the Pyramidal Tract-
Fibres for the control of facial, jaw, tongue, velopharyngeal and laryngeal muscles which then connect with lower motor neurons.

A

Corticobulbar Tract.

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36
Q

Why is the Corticospinal Tract different from the Corticobulbar tract?

A

The Corticospinal tract doesn’t end at the medulla, it sends information further down and ends at the spinal cord.

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37
Q

Name the pyramidal tract from its pathway-

Cortex > Midbrain > Pons > Medulla > Spinal Cord.

A

Corticospinal Tract.

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38
Q

The crossing over of motor control occurs where?

A

At the medulla.

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39
Q

What pyramidal tract is responsible for the control of the lungs?

A

Corticospinal Tract.

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40
Q

At the Corticospinal tract, the axons _____ at certain points of the _____ ______ according to their function.

A

Synapse, Spinal Cord.

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41
Q

What pyramidal tract ends at the spinal cord?

A

The Corticospinal Tract.

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42
Q

Name this-

Structures within the cerebrum involved in emotions, motivations, memory and adaptive functions.

A

Limbic System.

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43
Q

Name the 3 main structures that make up the limbic system.

A
  • Cingulate Gyrus
  • Hippocampus
  • Amygdala
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44
Q

The thalamus is not part of the _____ system.

A

Limbic.

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45
Q

What can the limbic system play a part in?

A

Language Processing.

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46
Q

The ______ gyrus sits above the corpus callosum and is a part of the limbic system.

A

Cingulate.

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47
Q

What structure within the limbic system is shaped like a backward C?

A

The Hippocampus.

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48
Q

Where does the Hippocampus lie?

A

It lies deep within the temporal lobe.

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49
Q

What is the role of the Hippocampus?

A

It consolidates information from short and long term memory.

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50
Q

What part of the limbic system would be involved in Alzheimer’s Disease (lesions to this area would cause Alzheimer’s)?

A

The Hippocampus.

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51
Q

What part of the limbic system is attached to the hippocampus?

A

The Amygdala.

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52
Q

What does the amygdala process?

A

It processes involuntary emotions for example fearful emotions.

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53
Q

What makes up the subcortical nuclei?

A

Basal Ganglia

Thalamus.

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54
Q

What are the Basal Ganglia?

A

A group of nuclei (cell bodies).

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55
Q

What do the Basal Ganglia do?

A

They receive information and can send it onto the brain stem/ spinal cord, or it can send it back to the cortex.

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56
Q

What stage is the basal ganglia said to be responsible for?

A

The “proof-reading” stage before the information is sent on.

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57
Q

Which of the subcortical nuclei is responsible for motor control, motor learning and behaviour/emotions?

A

The Basal Ganglia.

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58
Q

Name the 3 most important parts of the basal ganglia.

A

Caudate
Putamen
Globus Pallidus.

59
Q

What are the Caudate and Putamen collectively known as?

A

The Striatum.

60
Q

The ______ _____ is the motor processing station.

A

Basal Ganglia.

61
Q

In the Basal Ganglia, what nuclei deal with input? And where do they send thus?

A

The Striatum = Caudate and Putamen.

The caudate and putamen deal with input, they then send this to the Globus Pallidus.

62
Q

The _____ _____ is nuclei within the Basal Ganglia that is responsible for sending the output.

A

Globus Pallidus.

63
Q

Name the function of the Basal Ganglia within speech production.

A

It processes movement eg. muscles of the face, larynx, tongue and pharynx.

64
Q

In the Basal Ganglia, what needs to be released in order for the processing of movement?

A

Requires Dopamine to be released.

65
Q

What can damage to the basal ganglia result in?

A

Involuntary Movement (lack of coordination).

66
Q

What is the cause of Parkinson’s Disease?

A

Not having enough Dopamine in order for the Basal Ganglia to function properly aka. process movement.

67
Q

What do these make up?

  • Hypothalamus
  • Epithalamus
  • Prethalamus
  • Dorsal Thalamus
A

The Thalamus.

68
Q

What is the part of the thalamus we focus on?

A

Hypothalamus.

69
Q

What doe the thalamus act as?

A

A relay station between subcortical areas and cortex.

70
Q

What information does the thalamus relay?

A

It relays sensory information.

71
Q

Almost all sensory systems have _____ nuclei.

A

Thalamic.

72
Q

What acts as a sensory processing station?

A

The thalamus.

73
Q

The Subcortical Nuclei are responsible for ________. The basal Nuclei for ______ processing and the Thalamus for ______ processing.

A

Processing. Motor. Sensory.

74
Q

What is the role of the thalamus in language?

A

It plays a role in language processing (responding + processing to stimuli) and verbal short term memory.

75
Q

What does damage to the thalamus result in?

A

Deficits in memory, attention and reduced spontaneous speech.

76
Q

The neural pathway of speech is a _____ pathway.

A

Circular.

77
Q

The first stage of the neural pathway of speech is;

intention-ideation-perception. Explain this.

A

We receive a message and encode its meaning etc.

78
Q

The second stage of the neural pathway of speech is linguistic symbolic processing in a linguistic form (what are the right words to use) where does this occur?

A

Wernicke’s Area.

79
Q

From Wernicke’s Area what is the next stage in the neural pathway of speech?

A

Motor Speech Programming in the Broca’s area.

80
Q

Broca’s Area then sends information to areas for ________ through association tracts.

A

coordination.

81
Q

After coordination, what is the last stage on the neural pathway of speech?

A

Execution (motor cortex) where information is sent down Projection Tracts in order for information to be sent to muscles for speech to occur.

82
Q

Before information is sent to the muscles for speech production, it must go through what?

A

A circular Neural Pathway.

83
Q

The thalamus can send information back to what cortex?

A

The premotor cortex.

84
Q

Name the 3 parts of the brainstem.

A

Midbrain
Pons
Medulla.

85
Q

What is the Midbrain?

A

The connection between the cerebrum and brainstem.

86
Q

At the pons the tracts go to the _______.

A

Cerebellum.

87
Q

What part of the brainstem are the pyramids of axons found?

A

The Medulla.

88
Q

The thalamus is close to the _______.

A

Mid brain.

89
Q

The cranial nerves are divided into specific bits of the ____ _________.

A

Brain Stem.

90
Q

Name the cranial nerves for speech and swallowing.

A 
5
7
8
9
10
11
12
91
Q

Name Cranial Nerve V.

A

Trigeminal.

92
Q

How many divisions does the Trigeminal Nerve (Cranial Nerve V/No.5) have?

A

3.

93
Q

Cranial Nerve V (no.5) has both ____ and _____ nerves.

A

Sensory, Motor.

94
Q

Cranial V is a mixed nerve, what does this mean?

A

It’s both efferent and afferent.

95
Q

Name the 3 divisions of Cranial nerve V (trigeminal).

A
  1. Opthalamic
  2. Maxillary
  3. Mandibular
96
Q

The Ophthalmic division of cranial nerve V has ____ branches.

A

Sensory.

97
Q

What does the Maxillary division of the Trigeminal Nerve (V) do?

A

It has a sensory function- touch, pressure, pain from mid upper face and maxillary teeth and sinuses.

98
Q

The mandibular division of cranial nerve number ____ has both _____ and ______ function.

A

5/V

Sensory and Motor.

99
Q

The _____ division of Trigeminal Nerve can sense touch, pressure and pain from the teeth, skin of lower face, front 2/3s of tongue and pinna.

A

Sensory.

100
Q

Name the motor function of the mandibular division of cranial nerve V.

A

It innervates the jaw closing.

101
Q

What number is the Facial Cranial Nerve?

A

No. 7 = VII.

102
Q

Name what the Facial Nerve is involved with?

A

The sensory and motor functions of the lips, sides of the mouth and face.

103
Q

What Cranial nerve innervates all the muscles of Facial Expression, the stapedius and produces saliva?

A

Cranial Nerve VII- Facial.

104
Q

What cranial nerve just deals with sensation?

A

Cranial Nerve VIII (8) = Auditory Vestibular Nerve.

105
Q

What number is the Auditory Vestibular Nerve?

A

Number 8 or Cranial Nerve VIII

106
Q

What is the function of Cranial Nerve VIII?

A

It carries information from both cochlea and vestibular apparatus of the inner ear to the brainstem.

107
Q

Cranial Nerve IX is Cranial Nerve number ___ and is called the _______ Nerve.

A
  1. Glossopharyngeal.
108
Q

What nerves does the Glossopharyngeal Nerve have?

A

Both sensory and motor.

109
Q

What is the sensory function of Cranial Nerve IX?

A

Tactile Feedback for Speech Production; touch, pressure from posterior tongue, parts of pharynx, pinna and ear drum.

110
Q

What Cranial Nerve has the motor function of innervating the stylopharyngeus (pharyngeal muscle) for swallowing?

A

Cranial Nerve IX- No. 9, Glossopharyngeal Nerve.

111
Q

What cranial nerve is called the Vagus?

A

Cranial Nerve X (Cranial Nerve 10).

112
Q

True or False?

The Vagus has both sensory and motor functions.

A

True.

113
Q

The sensory function for the Vagus Nerve is touch and pressure from the ______ and ________.

A

Larynx and Pharynx.

114
Q

What is the motor function of Cranial Nerve X- Vagus?

A
  • It innervates:
  • pharyngeal Constrictor
  • Palatal Levator
  • Intrinsic Muscles of the larynx
  • Palatoglossus.
115
Q

What cranial nerve is responsible for the movement of the vocal folds (intrinsic muscles of the larynx)?

A

Carinal Nerve X- Vagus.

116
Q

Cranial Nerves XI and XII are only ____ nerves.

A

Motor.

117
Q

What is cranial nerve XI (11) called?

A

Spinal Accessory Nerve.

118
Q

What is the function of Cranial Nerve XI - Spinal Accessory Nerve?

A

Innervates sternocleidomastoid and trapezius, for the movement of head and neck (swallowing rather than speech).

119
Q

What number is the Hypoglossal Nerve?

A

No.12 or Cranial Nerve XII.

120
Q

What is the function of the Hypoglossal Cranial Nerve/ Cranial Nerve XII?

A

It innervates all the intrinsic tongue muscles and all the extrinsic muscles (apart from the palatoglossus- cranial nerve 10).

121
Q

What cranial nerve is involved in tongue movement?

A

Cranial Nerve XII- Hypoglossal.

122
Q

Name Cranial Nerve I and state what its responsible for.

A

Olfactory Nerve- responsible for smell.

123
Q

Name Cranial Nerve II and state what its responsible for.

A

Optic Nerve- sight.

124
Q

Name Cranial Nerve III and state what its responsible for.

A

Oculomotor Nerve- moves eyeball up and down.

125
Q

Name Cranial Nerve IV (4) and state what its responsible for.

A

Trochlear Nerve- moves eye up, down, round, side to side.

126
Q

Cranial nerves II, III, IV and VI are all to do with what body part?

A

The eyes.

127
Q

Name Cranial Nerve VI and state what its responsible for.

A

Abducens Nerve- turns eyeball to side of head.

128
Q

Which Cranial Nerve governs the function of:

Stimulating the digestive organs

A

Vagus.

129
Q

Which Cranial Nerve governs the function of:

Pursing lips

A

Facial.

130
Q

Which Cranial Nerve governs the function of:

Moving the eye from side to side

A

Abducens.

131
Q

Which Cranial Nerve governs the function of:

Smell

A

Olfactory.

132
Q

Which Cranial Nerve governs the function of:

Biting

A

Trigeminal.

133
Q

Which Cranial Nerve governs the function of:

Frowning

A

Facial.

134
Q

Which Cranial Nerve governs the function of:

Vocal fold vibration

A

Vagus.

135
Q

Which Cranial Nerve governs the function of:

Lingual speech articulation

A

Hypoglossal.

136
Q

Which Cranial Nerve governs the function of:

Senses aortic blood pressure

A

Vagus.

137
Q

Which Cranial Nerve governs the function of:

Vision

A

Optic.

138
Q

Which Cranial Nerve governs the function of:

Controlling swallowing movements

A

Glossopharyngeal.

139
Q

Which Cranial Nerve governs the function of:

slowing heart rate

A

Vagus.

140
Q

Which Cranial Nerve governs the function of:

Turning the eyes downward and laterally

A

Trochlear.

141
Q

Which Cranial Nerve governs the function of:

Chewing

A

Trigeminal.

142
Q

Which Cranial Nerve governs the function of:

Eyelid and eyeball movement

A

Oculomotor.

143
Q

Which Cranial Nerve governs the function of:

Sensing carotid blood pressure

A

Glossopharyngeal.

Specialised Anatomy for SLT (13 decks)

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