The Nervous System 2 Flashcards
1
Q
What is the brainstem?
A
A channel for sensory and motor pathways.
2
Q
What does the brain stem connect to?
A
The Spinal Cord.
3
Q
The cerebellum has 2 _______.
A
Hemispheres.
4
Q
The cerebellum confects with the ____ _____ via 3 pathways.
A
Brain Stem.
5
Q
What is the function of the cerebellum?
A
It ensures the coordination of movement, this is important for balance and speech production.
6
Q
What does damage to the cerebellum affect?
A
It affects production of steady movement.
7
Q
What is the cerebellum’s role in speech production?
A
The coordination of the various muscle groups in order to produce a smooth flow of speech (and swallowing).
8
Q
What region of the brain plays an important role in the integration of sensory perception and motor output?
A
The Cerebellum.
9
Q
How would damage to the cerebellum affect speech?
A
It would cause slurring of speech.
10
Q
The cerebellum is responsible for the _____-_____ of all movements from the _______. It then passes this to the _____ _____ which is then sent to the _____.
A
Fine-Tuning, Cortex. Brain stem, Muscles.
11
Q
What is the main way to get information down to the brain stem?
A
Through connections and pathways.
12
Q
Name the 2 categories of tracts within cerebral connection.
A
- Projection Tracts
- Association Tracts.
13
Q
What are projection tracts?
A
They are sending tracts.
14
Q
Projection tracts are mass fans of _____ ________.
A
Long Axons.
15
Q
Projection tracts are _____ down to the ____ ______; where they come together.
A
Funnelled, Brain Stem.
16
Q
What cerebral connection connects the cortex to the brainstem?
A
Projection Tracts.
17
Q
Name the 2 types of projection tract.
A
- Corticobulbar
- Corticospinal.
18
Q
Apart from projection tracts, name the other type of tract.
A
Association Tracts.
19
Q
Name the particular association tract we focus on.
A
Arcuate Fasciculus.
20
Q
The Arcuate Fasciculus is a _____ of _______.
A
Bundle, Axons.
21
Q
Where does the Arcuate Fasciculus exist?
A
It exists within and between lobes.
22
Q
The Arcuate fasciculus exists within and between lobes, what is the name for this?
A
Intrahemispheric.
23
Q
Explain what the Arcuate Fasciculus is and what it does.
A
It is an axon pathway connecting speech and language cortical areas.
24
Q
In the Left Hemisphere, what does the Arcuate Fasciculus connect?
A
It connects Wernicke’s Area with Broca’s area.
It goes from Wernicke’s Area to passing through the Angular Gyri, then the Supra-Maringal Gyri to get to Broca’s Area.
25
What can Projection Pathways (descending pathways) also be known as, due to their shape?
Pyramidal Tracts.
26
Pyramidal Tracts are the _________ structures found at the front of the _____ _______, this is where crossing over of ____ control occurs.
Pyramid, Brainstem, Motor.
27
Name the Pyramidal Tracts (projection tracts).
Corticobulbar tract
| Corticospinal tract.
28
What does bulbar refer to?
The brain stem.
29
In both the Corticospinal tract and Corticobulbar tract, where do the fibres originate from?
The Cortex (cell bodies of upper motor neurons).
30
Where does the Corticobulbar tract end?
In the Brainstem. (medulla)
31
The Corticobulbar tract goes from the cortex, to the _____, to the ______ and then stops at the _____ ________.
Medulla.
32
What is the Corticobulbar Tract most important for?
The control of upper apparatus eg. larynx, tongue etc.
33
The Pyramid structure of the Corticobulbar tract is found at the ___________.
Medulla.
34
What pyramidal tract sends information to the cranial nerves?
The Corticobulbar Tract.
35
Name the Pyramidal Tract-
Fibres for the control of facial, jaw, tongue, velopharyngeal and laryngeal muscles which then connect with lower motor neurons.
Corticobulbar Tract.
36
Why is the Corticospinal Tract different from the Corticobulbar tract?
The Corticospinal tract doesn't end at the medulla, it sends information further down and ends at the spinal cord.
37
Name the pyramidal tract from its pathway-
Cortex > Midbrain > Pons > Medulla > Spinal Cord.
Corticospinal Tract.
38
The crossing over of motor control occurs where?
At the medulla.
39
What pyramidal tract is responsible for the control of the lungs?
Corticospinal Tract.
40
At the Corticospinal tract, the axons _____ at certain points of the _____ ______ according to their function.
Synapse, Spinal Cord.
41
What pyramidal tract ends at the spinal cord?
The Corticospinal Tract.
42
Name this-
| Structures within the cerebrum involved in emotions, motivations, memory and adaptive functions.
Limbic System.
43
Name the 3 main structures that make up the limbic system.
- Cingulate Gyrus
- Hippocampus
- Amygdala
44
The thalamus is not part of the _____ system.
Limbic.
45
What can the limbic system play a part in?
Language Processing.
46
The ______ gyrus sits above the corpus callosum and is a part of the limbic system.
Cingulate.
47
What structure within the limbic system is shaped like a backward C?
The Hippocampus.
48
Where does the Hippocampus lie?
It lies deep within the temporal lobe.
49
What is the role of the Hippocampus?
It consolidates information from short and long term memory.
50
What part of the limbic system would be involved in Alzheimer's Disease (lesions to this area would cause Alzheimer's)?
The Hippocampus.
51
What part of the limbic system is attached to the hippocampus?
The Amygdala.
52
What does the amygdala process?
It processes involuntary emotions for example fearful emotions.
53
What makes up the subcortical nuclei?
Basal Ganglia
| Thalamus.
54
What are the Basal Ganglia?
A group of nuclei (cell bodies).
55
What do the Basal Ganglia do?
They receive information and can send it onto the brain stem/ spinal cord, or it can send it back to the cortex.
56
What stage is the basal ganglia said to be responsible for?
The "proof-reading" stage before the information is sent on.
57
Which of the subcortical nuclei is responsible for motor control, motor learning and behaviour/emotions?
The Basal Ganglia.
58
Name the 3 most important parts of the basal ganglia.
Caudate
Putamen
Globus Pallidus.
59
What are the Caudate and Putamen collectively known as?
The Striatum.
60
The ______ _____ is the motor processing station.
Basal Ganglia.
61
In the Basal Ganglia, what nuclei deal with input? And where do they send thus?
The Striatum = Caudate and Putamen.
| The caudate and putamen deal with input, they then send this to the Globus Pallidus.
62
The _____ _____ is nuclei within the Basal Ganglia that is responsible for sending the output.
Globus Pallidus.
63
Name the function of the Basal Ganglia within speech production.
It processes movement eg. muscles of the face, larynx, tongue and pharynx.
64
In the Basal Ganglia, what needs to be released in order for the processing of movement?
Requires Dopamine to be released.
65
What can damage to the basal ganglia result in?
Involuntary Movement (lack of coordination).
66
What is the cause of Parkinson's Disease?
Not having enough Dopamine in order for the Basal Ganglia to function properly aka. process movement.
67
What do these make up?
- Hypothalamus
- Epithalamus
- Prethalamus
- Dorsal Thalamus
The Thalamus.
68
What is the part of the thalamus we focus on?
Hypothalamus.
69
What doe the thalamus act as?
A relay station between subcortical areas and cortex.
70
What information does the thalamus relay?
It relays sensory information.
71
Almost all sensory systems have _____ nuclei.
Thalamic.
72
What acts as a sensory processing station?
The thalamus.
73
The Subcortical Nuclei are responsible for ________. The basal Nuclei for ______ processing and the Thalamus for ______ processing.
Processing. Motor. Sensory.
74
What is the role of the thalamus in language?
It plays a role in language processing (responding + processing to stimuli) and verbal short term memory.
75
What does damage to the thalamus result in?
Deficits in memory, attention and reduced spontaneous speech.
76
The neural pathway of speech is a _____ pathway.
Circular.
77
The first stage of the neural pathway of speech is;
| intention-ideation-perception. Explain this.
We receive a message and encode its meaning etc.
78
The second stage of the neural pathway of speech is linguistic symbolic processing in a linguistic form (what are the right words to use) where does this occur?
Wernicke's Area.
79
From Wernicke's Area what is the next stage in the neural pathway of speech?
Motor Speech Programming in the Broca's area.
80
Broca's Area then sends information to areas for ________ through association tracts.
coordination.
81
After coordination, what is the last stage on the neural pathway of speech?
Execution (motor cortex) where information is sent down Projection Tracts in order for information to be sent to muscles for speech to occur.
82
Before information is sent to the muscles for speech production, it must go through what?
A circular Neural Pathway.
83
The thalamus can send information back to what cortex?
The premotor cortex.
84
Name the 3 parts of the brainstem.
Midbrain
Pons
Medulla.
85
What is the Midbrain?
The connection between the cerebrum and brainstem.
86
At the pons the tracts go to the _______.
Cerebellum.
87
What part of the brainstem are the pyramids of axons found?
The Medulla.
88
The thalamus is close to the _______.
Mid brain.
89
The cranial nerves are divided into specific bits of the ____ _________.
Brain Stem.
90
Name the cranial nerves for speech and swallowing.
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7
8
9
10
11
12
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91
Name Cranial Nerve V.
Trigeminal.
92
How many divisions does the Trigeminal Nerve (Cranial Nerve V/No.5) have?
3.
93
Cranial Nerve V (no.5) has both ____ and _____ nerves.
Sensory, Motor.
94
Cranial V is a mixed nerve, what does this mean?
It's both efferent and afferent.
95
Name the 3 divisions of Cranial nerve V (trigeminal).
1. Opthalamic
2. Maxillary
3. Mandibular
96
The Ophthalmic division of cranial nerve V has ____ branches.
Sensory.
97
What does the Maxillary division of the Trigeminal Nerve (V) do?
It has a sensory function- touch, pressure, pain from mid upper face and maxillary teeth and sinuses.
98
The mandibular division of cranial nerve number ____ has both _____ and ______ function.
5/V
| Sensory and Motor.
99
The _____ division of Trigeminal Nerve can sense touch, pressure and pain from the teeth, skin of lower face, front 2/3s of tongue and pinna.
Sensory.
100
Name the motor function of the mandibular division of cranial nerve V.
It innervates the jaw closing.
101
What number is the Facial Cranial Nerve?
No. 7 = VII.
102
Name what the Facial Nerve is involved with?
The sensory and motor functions of the lips, sides of the mouth and face.
103
What Cranial nerve innervates all the muscles of Facial Expression, the stapedius and produces saliva?
Cranial Nerve VII- Facial.
104
What cranial nerve just deals with sensation?
Cranial Nerve VIII (8) = Auditory Vestibular Nerve.
105
What number is the Auditory Vestibular Nerve?
Number 8 or Cranial Nerve VIII
106
What is the function of Cranial Nerve VIII?
It carries information from both cochlea and vestibular apparatus of the inner ear to the brainstem.
107
Cranial Nerve IX is Cranial Nerve number ___ and is called the _______ Nerve.
9. Glossopharyngeal.
108
What nerves does the Glossopharyngeal Nerve have?
Both sensory and motor.
109
What is the sensory function of Cranial Nerve IX?
Tactile Feedback for Speech Production; touch, pressure from posterior tongue, parts of pharynx, pinna and ear drum.
110
What Cranial Nerve has the motor function of innervating the stylopharyngeus (pharyngeal muscle) for swallowing?
Cranial Nerve IX- No. 9, Glossopharyngeal Nerve.
111
What cranial nerve is called the Vagus?
Cranial Nerve X (Cranial Nerve 10).
112
True or False?
| The Vagus has both sensory and motor functions.
True.
113
The sensory function for the Vagus Nerve is touch and pressure from the ______ and ________.
Larynx and Pharynx.
114
What is the motor function of Cranial Nerve X- Vagus?
- It innervates:
- pharyngeal Constrictor
- Palatal Levator
- Intrinsic Muscles of the larynx
- Palatoglossus.
115
What cranial nerve is responsible for the movement of the vocal folds (intrinsic muscles of the larynx)?
Carinal Nerve X- Vagus.
116
Cranial Nerves XI and XII are only ____ nerves.
Motor.
117
What is cranial nerve XI (11) called?
Spinal Accessory Nerve.
118
What is the function of Cranial Nerve XI - Spinal Accessory Nerve?
Innervates sternocleidomastoid and trapezius, for the movement of head and neck (swallowing rather than speech).
119
What number is the Hypoglossal Nerve?
No.12 or Cranial Nerve XII.
120
What is the function of the Hypoglossal Cranial Nerve/ Cranial Nerve XII?
It innervates all the intrinsic tongue muscles and all the extrinsic muscles (apart from the palatoglossus- cranial nerve 10).
121
What cranial nerve is involved in tongue movement?
Cranial Nerve XII- Hypoglossal.
122
Name Cranial Nerve I and state what its responsible for.
Olfactory Nerve- responsible for smell.
123
Name Cranial Nerve II and state what its responsible for.
Optic Nerve- sight.
124
Name Cranial Nerve III and state what its responsible for.
Oculomotor Nerve- moves eyeball up and down.
125
Name Cranial Nerve IV (4) and state what its responsible for.
Trochlear Nerve- moves eye up, down, round, side to side.
126
Cranial nerves II, III, IV and VI are all to do with what body part?
The eyes.
127
Name Cranial Nerve VI and state what its responsible for.
Abducens Nerve- turns eyeball to side of head.
128
Which Cranial Nerve governs the function of:
| Stimulating the digestive organs
Vagus.
129
Which Cranial Nerve governs the function of:
| Pursing lips
Facial.
130
Which Cranial Nerve governs the function of:
| Moving the eye from side to side
Abducens.
131
Which Cranial Nerve governs the function of:
| Smell
Olfactory.
132
Which Cranial Nerve governs the function of:
| Biting
Trigeminal.
133
Which Cranial Nerve governs the function of:
| Frowning
Facial.
134
Which Cranial Nerve governs the function of:
| Vocal fold vibration
Vagus.
135
Which Cranial Nerve governs the function of:
| Lingual speech articulation
Hypoglossal.
136
Which Cranial Nerve governs the function of:
| Senses aortic blood pressure
Vagus.
137
Which Cranial Nerve governs the function of:
| Vision
Optic.
138
Which Cranial Nerve governs the function of:
| Controlling swallowing movements
Glossopharyngeal.
139
Which Cranial Nerve governs the function of:
| slowing heart rate
Vagus.
140
Which Cranial Nerve governs the function of:
| Turning the eyes downward and laterally
Trochlear.
141
Which Cranial Nerve governs the function of:
| Chewing
Trigeminal.
142
Which Cranial Nerve governs the function of:
| Eyelid and eyeball movement
Oculomotor.
143
Which Cranial Nerve governs the function of:
| Sensing carotid blood pressure
Glossopharyngeal.
