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A Level Biology > The Nervous System > Flashcards

The Nervous System Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Definition of homeostasis?

A

Maintaining a stable internal environment within the body

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2
Q

Examples of how homeostasis helps the body?

A

Negative feedback loops, water regulation, temperature control

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3
Q

Which parts of the body are part of the central nervous system?

A

Brain, spinal cord and relay neurones

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4
Q

What makes up the Peripheral Nervous System?

A

The Somatic and Autonomic Nervous Systems

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5
Q

The difference between somatic and autonomic?

A

Somatic is voluntary (muscles and skin) and the autonomic is involuntary (organs)

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6
Q

What is the autonomic nervous system made of?

A

The sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems

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7
Q

The Sympathetic Nervous System?

A

Activated in times of stress, your ‘fight or flight’ instincts

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8
Q

The Parasympathetic Nervous System?

A

Controls your body in times of rest

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9
Q

The neurotransmitters used in sympathetic and parasympathetic?

A

Sympathetic = Noradrenaline (Na)
Parasympathetic = Acetylcholine (ACh)

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10
Q

Peristalsis?

A

Involuntary muscle movement involved in digestion in small intestine

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11
Q

Name the parts of a motor neuron?

A

Cell body, Dendrites, Axon, Axon terminals, Nodes of Ranvier, Schwann cells and myelin sheath

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12
Q

What is a node of Ranvier?

A

The small gap between the Schwann cells

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13
Q
A
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14
Q

Where does depolarization occur in the neuron?

A

The Nodes of Ranvier

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15
Q

The name for when a neuron has Schwann cells and a myelin sheath?

A

Myelinated axons

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16
Q

The name for when the electrical impulse skips a node?

A

Saltatory conduction

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17
Q

What physical difference is there between motor and relay neurons?

A

Relay neurons have a shorter axon and a larger cell body

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17
Q

What is the Pacinian corpuscle?

A

A specific sensory receptor that detects mechanical pressure

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18
Q

Definition of a transducer?

A

Something that converts a stimulus into action potential / nerve impulse

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18
Q

Differences that a sensory neuron has?

A

Has a dendron at the top instead of an axon near the dendrites, cell body is down the side and smaller as well

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18
Q

Reflex arc, what is it?

A

A genetic survival mechanism

18
Q

Where is the Pacinian corpuscle normally?

A

In fingers, joints and feet

19
Q

Type of neurons found in the spinal cord?

A

Sensory and motor neurons

20
Q

How does the Pacinian corpuscle help the neuron?

A

Helps convert mechanical pressure into a nervous impulse

21
Q

The 4 main types of sensory receptor?

A

Mechanoreceptor (pressure and movement), chemoreceptor (chemicals), thermoreceptor, photoreceptor (light)

21
Q

What are dendrons responsible for?

A

Passing the electrical impulse towards the cell body

21
Q

What is a myelinated axon?

A

A plasma membrane made up of many phospholipid bilayers, transmits impulses faster

22
Q

Features of sensory neurons?

A

Specific to stimulus, act as transducers (convert stimulus into impulse)

22
Q

Normally what is an effector?

A

A muscle or gland

23
Q

Structure of the Pacinian corpuscle?

A

End of sensory neuron found within center, surrounded by layers of connective tissue, each layer separated by gel

24
Q

What happens when the sodium ion channels change shape in the membrane?

A

Their permeability will change, when too narrow for sodium the neuron has resting potential, when stretched it then has action potential

24
Q

Potential difference across membrane when at resting potential?

A

-70mV

25
Q

Potential difference across membrane when at action potential?

A

Around 40mV

26
Q

Charge inside axon during resting potential?

A

Axon = Negative
Tissue fluid = Positive

27
Q

How do the charges change once wave of depolarization has occurred?

A

The axon becomes positively charged and the tissue fluid is negatively charged now

27
Q

How do K+ ions leak out the axon?

A

Facilitated diffusion

27
Q

When pressure is applied to the Pacinian corpuscle what happens?

A

It will change shape and stretch the sodium ion channels allowing more sodium ions to pass through

27
Q

Once sodium ion channels have been stretched what happens now the sodium concentration has increased?

A

The influx of sodium ions changes the potential of the membrane, it becomes depolarized

27
Q

The ratio for Na+ to K+ pumped in and out?

A

For every 3 Na+ ion there is 2 K+ ions

27
Q

During resting potential where is there a higher concentration of sodium ions?

A

Outside in the tissue fluid

27
Q

What actively pumps the Na+ and K+ ions in and out of the neuron?

A

ATPase by active transport

27
Q

When can a stimulus set up an action potential?

A

Only when its above a threshold level

27
Q

What happens when stimulus is under the threshold?

A

Gated channels remain closed, no depolarization which means no action potential

27
Q

What is the net result of ions in resting potential?

A

More sodium ions outside axon than K+ ions inside

28
Q

Which gates are open during depolarization?

A

Sodium gates are open allowing them to move into the axon and change the charge to positive

29
Q

Which gates are open during repolarization?

A

Potassium gates open and move out through facilitated diffusion down a conc gradient

30
Q

What is the refractory period?

A

After repolarization, Na+ and K+ ions remain closed so membrane can’t be depolarized, no impulse can pass

31
Q

How long is the refractory period?

A

0.5ms

32
Q

What is the importance of the refractory period?

A

Makes each action potential distinct, keeps it travelling one way

33
Q

How many mV is the threshold for an action potential?

A

-55mV

A Level Biology (12 decks)

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