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A Level Biology > BIODIVERSITY > Flashcards

BIODIVERSITY Flashcards

1
Q

Definition of classification?

A

Name given to the process of sorting organisms into groups with similar features

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2
Q

The order of the classification system?

A

Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Sausages

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3
Q

The name of the classification system groups?

A

Taxonomic groups

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4
Q

Who first proposed the classification system?

A

Carl Linnaeus

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5
Q

How many kingdoms and domains are there?

A

3 domains and 5 kingdoms

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6
Q

Why do scientists classify organisms?

A

To identify species, to predict characteristics and to find evolutionary links between common ancestors

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7
Q

The 3 domains?

A

Archaea, Bacteria and Eukarya

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8
Q

Definition of a species?

A

A group of organisms that are able to reproduce fertile offspring

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9
Q

How does a binominal name work?

A

First word indicates genus which is always capitalized, second word is species which is always in italics or underlined, most names derive from Latin

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10
Q

What are the five kingdoms?

A

Prokaryotae (bacteria), Protoctista (unicelluar eukaryotes), Fungi, Plantae and Animalia

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10
Q

What was the name for the principle that believed forces of the Earth such as sedimentation and erosion shaped the world?

A

Uniformitarianism

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10
Q

Difference between a prokaryotae and protoctista?

A

Prokaryotae has no nucleus or membrane bound organelles or chloroplasts, protoctista has all off them

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11
Q

How many kingdoms are there for Carl Woese system?

A

6 kingdoms — it adds Archaebacteria

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11
Q

What is archaebacteria?

A

‘Ancient bacteria’ that can live in extreme conditions

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11
Q

What is phylogeny?

A

The evolutionary relationships between organisms, the study of it is called phylogenetics

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11
Q

What is Eubacteria?

A

The changed kingdom name for prokaryotae, known as ‘trye bacteria’, most types of bacteria, chemically different from Archaebacteria

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12
Q

What are phylogenetic trees?

A

Branched diagrams which show that different species have evolved from a common ancestor, much of the evidence is gained from fossils

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13
Q

Advantages of phylogenetic classification?

A

Produces a continuous tree, no hierarchal nature implying different groups are equivalent

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14
Q

Charles Darwin’s theory?

A

Theory of Evolution, organisms evolve over many years due to natural selection

15
Q

What animal did Darwin famously work on?

A

Finches, noticed they had different beaks and claws

16
Q

Evidence for evolution?

A

Paleontology, comparing anatomy and biochemistry

17
Q

What does the presence of a homologous structure provide evidence for?

A

Divergent evolution

18
Q

What is divergent evolution?

A

Describes how, from a common ancestor, different species have evolved with adaptive features. Occurs in new habitats

19
Q

What is neutral evolution?

A

Molecule variability that does not affect its function

19
Q

2 factors that cause variation?

A

Genetic and environmental

20
Q

Difference between interspecific and intraspecific variation?

A

Interspecific - variation between different species (eg: mouse had 4 legs, bird has 2)
Intraspecific - variation with a species (eg: height, hair color, intelligence)

21
Q

Genetic causes of variation?

A

Genes having different alleles, mutation from change in DNA sequence, meiosis independent assortment, crossing over, sexual reproduction

22
Q

Higher chance of variation in sexual or asexual reproduction?

A

SEXUAL !!!

23
Q

Examples of environmental variation?

A

Scars on the body, tattoos, dyed hair. These can’t be inherited

24
Q

Examples of both environmental and genetic variation?

A

Height, skin color or weight

25
Q

Difference between discontinuous and continuous variation?

A

Discontinuous - A characteristic that can only result in certain values (eg: gender) Typically represented using a bar or pie chart

Continuous - A characteristic that can take any value within a range (eg: height/mass) Influenced by environment, collected in frequency tables/histograms

26
Q

3 types of adaptations?

A

Behavioral, Anatomical and physiological

27
Q

Examples of anatomical adaptations?

A

Body covering - spikes, fur, scales
Camoflague (eg: polar bears)
Teeth based off diet
Mimicry - copying animal’s appearance

27
Q

Ways Marram grass has adapted?

A

Adapted to reduce rate of transpiration, xerophyte, sunken stomata, thick waxy cuticle and hairs on inside of leaves

27
Q

Examples of behavioral adaptations?

A

Survival - playing dead like possums
Courtship - spiders and scorpions dance
Seasonal behavior - migration/hibernation

28
Q

What two categories can behavioral adaptations be split into?

A

Instinctive behavior from genes, learned behavior from observing other animals

28
Q

Examples of physiological adaptations?

A

Poison production, antibiotic production, water holding, reflexes, temperature regulation, blinking

29
Q

What is convergent evolution?

A

When unrelated species begin to share similar traits

30
Q

What are selective pressures?

A

Factors that affect the organisms chance of survival or reproductive success

31
Q

3 different types of biodiversity?

A

Habitat, genetic and species

32
Q

Stages of natural selection?

A

Organisms start to show variation in their genes, organisms who are best adapted to selection pressure reproduce, advantageous characteristic allele passed onto offspring, repeated for every generation to become evolution

32
Q

Modern examples of evolution?

A

Antibiotic-resistant bacteria (MRSA) passes allele for resistance and peppered moths from the industrial revolution

32
Q

Reasons why biodiversity is important?

A

Aesthetically, Economical, Ecological

33
Q

Difference between species evenness and species richness?

A

Evenness - Comparison of the numbers of individuals in each species
Richness - Number of different species living in a particular area

33
Q

Steps of a random sample?

A

Mark out grid on the grass using tape measures at right angles, use random number generator to determine x and y co-ordinate, ignore repeats

34
Q
A
34
Q

Describe stratified sampling?

A

Populations divided into sub-groups based off characteristic, a random sample is taken from each group proportional to its size

A Level Biology (13 decks)

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