Chapter 1: Cell Structure

Question 1

What is a centrosome?

Answer 1

Involved in the process of cell division

Question 2

What does the Golgi apparatus do?

Answer 2

Helps packages lipids and protein molecules

Question 3

Lysosome function?

Answer 3

Contains hydrolytic enzymes for breaking down waste material and pathogens for the immune system (digestion)

Question 4

Rough endoplasmic reticulum’s role?

Answer 4

Makes proteins, covered in ribosomes

Question 5

What is chromatin?

Answer 5

Mixture of DNA and proteins that form chromosomes in cells

Question 6

Microtubes, what are they?

Answer 6

Part of the cytoskeleton structure

Question 7

What is the vacuole?

Answer 7

Section of the cell that contains cell sap and fluids

Question 8

What is cytosol?

Answer 8

The liquid that makes up cytoplasm

Question 9

Ribosomes function?

Answer 9

Cellular machinery, responsible for making proteins?

Question 10

What are plasmids?

Answer 10

Small DNA molecules. Carries non essential genes for survival

Question 11

What are peroxisomes?

Answer 11

Specialised cells for carrying out oxidative reactions. Generates H2O2

Question 12

Who first started using the word ‘cell’

Answer 12

Robert Hooke in 1665

Question 13

What is the magnification equation?

Answer 13

Image size dived by actual size

Question 14

Characteristics of a prokaryotic cell?

Answer 14

No membrane bound organelles, no nucleus, small ribosomes, cell wall made of murien

Question 15

Characteristics of a eukaryotic cell?

Answer 15

Nucleus, membrane bound organelles, DNA in the nucleus, larger ribosomes

Question 16

How do you convert from nanometers to micrometers

Answer 16

divide by 1000

Question 17

Two different types of microscope?

Answer 17

Electron and light

Question 18

Two different types of staining?

Answer 18

Simple and differential

Question 19

What are mesosomes?

Answer 19

Provide large surface are for enzymes to do respiration in bacteria cells because no mitochondria

Question 20

Lysosomes optimum conditions?

Answer 20

pH of 4.5 - 4.8

Question 21

Organelles used in protein synthesis (in order)

Answer 21

Nucleolus, nucleus, rough endoplasmic reticulum, ribosome, vesicle, Golgi apparatus, vesicle, cell membrane

Question 22

Maximun magnification on microscopes?

Answer 22

Light = 1500x
TEM = More than 1,000,000x and 2D image
SEM = Less than 1,000,000x and 3D image

Question 23

Maximum resolutions on microscopes?

Answer 23

Light = 0.2 micrometers
TEM = 0.0005 micrometers
SEM = 0.003 micrometers

Question 24

What 3 components make up the cytoskeleton?

Answer 24

Microfilaments - contractile fibres
Microtubules - scaffold structures that make the shape of the cell
Intermediate fibres - gives mechanical strength to cells

Question 25

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum role?

Answer 25

Responsible for lipid and carbohydrate synthesis, and storage

Question 26

Stages of protein synthesis?

Answer 26

Stage 1: DNA is transcribed into RNA and leaves through a nucleus pore in the envelope Stage 2: Synthesised in a ribosome and gets translated Stage 3: Put into a vesicle and sent to Golgi Stage 4: Packaged and processed in Golgi and put back into vesicle Stage 5: Leaves through the plasma membrane by exocytolsis

Question 27

Size of ribosomes in cells?

Answer 27

Prokaryotic = 70S Eukaryotic = 80S

Question 28

What are mitochondria?

Answer 28

Big energy stores for the cell and involved in aerobic respiration. Double membraned, inner one is folded into structures called cristae and the fluid interior is called matrix

Question 29

Vesicles function?

Answer 29

Membrane bound sacs that store and transport materials around and out the cell

Question 30

Everything about chloroplasts?

Answer 30

Responsible for photosynthesis in plant cells. Double membraned. Fluid inside is called stroma. Have flattened sacs called thylakoids, multiple of these make granums. Grana are joined by membranes called lamellae

Question 31

What are the cell walls made of in cells?

Answer 31

Eukaryotic = cellulose Prokaryotic = murien / peptidoglycan

Question 32

What is the membrane of a vacuoles made of?

Answer 32

Tonoplast, it is partially permeable

Question 33

What is the use of the vacuole?

Answer 33

Contains cell sap and important in maintaining turgor, so that the contents of the cell push against the cell wall and maintain a rigid framework

Question 34

What is resolution?

Answer 34

How detailed the image is

Question 35

What is the point of stains?

Answer 35

To distinguish and increase the contrast between organelles

Question 36

Components of a prokaryotic cell?

Answer 36

Singular strand of DNA, plasmids, ribosomes, cell wall, cell plasma membrane

Question 37

Size of ribosomes in different cells?

Answer 37

Eukaryotic = 80S Prokaryotic = 70S

Question 38

What does a flagella do?

Answer 38

Allows movement of the cell, contains mitochondria for energy to move