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A Level Biology > Chapter 1: Cell Structure > Flashcards

Chapter 1: Cell Structure Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a centrosome?

A

Involved in the process of cell division

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2
Q

What does the Golgi apparatus do?

A

Helps packages lipids and protein molecules

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3
Q

Lysosome function?

A

Contains hydrolytic enzymes for breaking down waste material and pathogens for the immune system (digestion)

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4
Q

Rough endoplasmic reticulum’s role?

A

Makes proteins, covered in ribosomes

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5
Q

What is chromatin?

A

Mixture of DNA and proteins that form chromosomes in cells

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6
Q

Microtubes, what are they?

A

Part of the cytoskeleton structure

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7
Q

What is the vacuole?

A

Section of the cell that contains cell sap and fluids

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8
Q

What is cytosol?

A

The liquid that makes up cytoplasm

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9
Q

Ribosomes function?

A

Cellular machinery, responsible for making proteins?

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10
Q

What are plasmids?

A

Small DNA molecules. Carries non essential genes for survival

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11
Q

What are peroxisomes?

A

Specialised cells for carrying out oxidative reactions. Generates H2O2

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12
Q

Who first started using the word ‘cell’

A

Robert Hooke in 1665

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13
Q

What is the magnification equation?

A

Image size dived by actual size

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14
Q

Characteristics of a prokaryotic cell?

A

No membrane bound organelles, no nucleus, small ribosomes, cell wall made of murien

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15
Q

Characteristics of a eukaryotic cell?

A

Nucleus, membrane bound organelles, DNA in the nucleus, larger ribosomes

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16
Q

How do you convert from nanometers to micrometers

A

divide by 1000

17
Q

Two different types of microscope?

A

Electron and light

18
Q

Two different types of staining?

A

Simple and differential

19
Q

What are mesosomes?

A

Provide large surface are for enzymes to do respiration in bacteria cells because no mitochondria

20
Q

Lysosomes optimum conditions?

A

pH of 4.5 - 4.8

21
Q

Organelles used in protein synthesis (in order)

A

Nucleolus, nucleus, rough endoplasmic reticulum, ribosome, vesicle, Golgi apparatus, vesicle, cell membrane

22
Q

Maximun magnification on microscopes?

A

Light = 1500x
TEM = More than 1,000,000x and 2D image
SEM = Less than 1,000,000x and 3D image

23
Q

Maximum resolutions on microscopes?

A

Light = 0.2 micrometers
TEM = 0.0005 micrometers
SEM = 0.003 micrometers

24
Q

What 3 components make up the cytoskeleton?

A

Microfilaments - contractile fibres
Microtubules - scaffold structures that make the shape of the cell
Intermediate fibres - gives mechanical strength to cells

25
Q

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum role?

A

Responsible for lipid and carbohydrate synthesis, and storage

26
Q

Stages of protein synthesis?

A

Stage 1: DNA is transcribed into RNA and leaves through a nucleus pore in the envelope
Stage 2: Synthesised in a ribosome and gets translated
Stage 3: Put into a vesicle and sent to Golgi
Stage 4: Packaged and processed in Golgi and put back into vesicle
Stage 5: Leaves through the plasma membrane by exocytolsis

27
Q

Size of ribosomes in cells?

A

Prokaryotic = 70S
Eukaryotic = 80S

28
Q

What are mitochondria?

A

Big energy stores for the cell and involved in aerobic respiration. Double membraned, inner one is folded into structures called cristae and the fluid interior is called matrix

29
Q

Vesicles function?

A

Membrane bound sacs that store and transport materials around and out the cell

30
Q

Everything about chloroplasts?

A

Responsible for photosynthesis in plant cells. Double membraned. Fluid inside is called stroma. Have flattened sacs called thylakoids, multiple of these make granums. Grana are joined by membranes called lamellae

31
Q

What are the cell walls made of in cells?

A

Eukaryotic = cellulose
Prokaryotic = murien / peptidoglycan

32
Q

What is the membrane of a vacuoles made of?

A

Tonoplast, it is partially permeable

33
Q

What is the use of the vacuole?

A

Contains cell sap and important in maintaining turgor, so that the contents of the cell push against the cell wall and maintain a rigid framework

34
Q

What is resolution?

A

How detailed the image is

35
Q

What is the point of stains?

A

To distinguish and increase the contrast between organelles

36
Q

Components of a prokaryotic cell?

A

Singular strand of DNA, plasmids, ribosomes, cell wall, cell plasma membrane

37
Q

Size of ribosomes in different cells?

A

Eukaryotic = 80S
Prokaryotic = 70S

38
Q

What does a flagella do?

A

Allows movement of the cell, contains mitochondria for energy to move

39
Q
A

A Level Biology (12 decks)

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