Chapter 3: Biological molecules Flashcards
What is a polar molecule?
A molecule that has one end slightly positive and the other slightly negative.
Effects hydrogen bonding has on water?
Higher melting and boiling points, higher surface tension and good solvent
What is thermoregulation?
The body cooling itself down by using water to release sweat from glands
Cohesion definition?
Attraction between water molecules
Uses of water?
Temperature regulation, maintains cell shape and size, prevents drying up, transports substances around body
Thermal stability?
Heat disrupts the hydrogen bonds so water remains a liquid at large range of temperatures
Carbohydrates uses?
Storage, cellulose and respiration
Carbohydrates test?
Benedicts solution. Originally blue.
Partial positive = yellowy-orange
Strong positive = Brick red
Monosaccharides?
Simple sugars e.g. glucose, fructose
Sweet, soluble in water and form crystals
Glucose properties?
Building block for large carbohydrates, lots of bonds and good energy source for respiration.
Hexose monosaccharide
Disaccharides?
Made up of 2 monosaccharides, linked with glycosidic bond. Example = maltose
Maltose?
Two alpha glucose bonded together with a condensation reaction. C1 and C4 bond together
Uses of lipids?
Insulation, buoyancy in aquatic animals, source and storage of energy, cushioning, solvent and waterproofing
Difference between unsaturated and saturated lipids?
Unsaturated have carbon double bonds (often liquid at room temp) and saturated don’t have carbon double bonds
What are Triglycerides?
Lipids that circulate in your blood. Contain glycerol and fatty acids
How does a fatty acid and a glycerol join?
Esterification, it forms 3 ester bonds
What are phospholipids made up of?
ONLY 2 ESTER BONDS. Phosphate head which is hydrophilic, glycerol and a hydrophobic fatty acid tail
Structure of cholesterol?
4 carbon based ring structure
Function of cholesterol?
Regulates fluidity of plasma membrane. Also makes hormones like oestrogen and testosterone
What happens when you have a Vitamin D deficiency?
Rickets or ‘bendy bones’
What are gall stones?
Hard deposits of cholesterol. Stops bile leaving the gall bladder
Bad cholesterol effect?
Builds up plaque in your arteries which increases risk of heart disease
What molecules make up a protein?
Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, sulphur and nitrogen
Formula for a disaccharide?
C12 H22 O11
What makes up sucrose?
Fructose and glucose. It is a non reducing sugar
What makes up lactose?
Galactose and glucose
Amylose properties?
From a plant. Made of alpha glucose. Uses 1-4 glycosidic bonds and doesn’t branch
Amylopectin properties?
From a plant. Made of alpha glucose. Uses 1-4 and 1-6 glycosidic bonds and does branch every 20 subunits
Cellulose properties?
From a plant. Made of beta glucose. Uses 1-4 glycosidic bonds and doesn’t branch off
Glycogen properties?
From an animal. Made of alpha glucose. Uses 1-4 and 1-6 glycosidic bonds. Branches off every 10 subunits
What is a hydrolysis reaction?
To release glucose for respiration, starch and glycogen undergo a hydrolysis reaction. Requiring the addition of water molecules.
