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A Level Biology > Bioenergetics > Flashcards

Bioenergetics Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 4 main stages of respiration?

A

Glycolysis, Link factors, Kreb’s cycle and oxidation phosphorylation

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2
Q

What are the 4 stages of glycolysis?

A

Phosphorylation, Lysis, Phosphorylation again without ATP, and dehydrogenation and formation of ATP

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3
Q

What happens during stage 1 of glycolysis?

A

Phosphorylation: 2 ATP molecules release phosphate which binds to the single glucose molecule, this then becomes hexose bisphosphate

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4
Q

Where does glycolysis take place?

A

In the cytoplasm

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5
Q

Explain stage 2 of glycolysis?

A

Lysis: The hexose bisphosphate destabilizes and produces two triose phosphates

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6
Q

What happens during stage 3 of glycolysis?

A

Phosphorylation again: Free inorganic phosphate ions bind to the triose phosphates which makes them become triose bisphosphates

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7
Q

Explain stage 4 of glycolysis?

A

Dehydrogenation and formation of ATP: 4 phosphate ions are released and become ATP molecules. 2 reduced NADH molecules are released. The triose bisphosphates become dehydrogenated and produce two pyruvates

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8
Q

Where do the pyruvates from glycolysis travel to after completed stage?

A

The matrix in the mitochondria

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9
Q

What do the pyruvates undergo in the matrix (first step of the link reaction)

A

Oxidative decarboxylation (CO2 is removed along with hydrogen)

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9
Q

Where is the mitochondria is ATP produced?

A

Inner mitochondrial membrane

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10
Q

What is released whilst the pyruvates are forming an acetyl group?

A

CO2 and NADH

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11
Q

What is formed as the final product in the link reaction?

A

Acetyl Coenzyme A

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12
Q

The third stage of respiration?

A

The Kreb’s cycle

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13
Q

How many times does the link reaction occur?

A

Twice as there are two pyruvate molecules from glycolysis

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14
Q

Products of the link reaction?

A

2 Acetyl CoA, 2 Carbon Dioxide, 2 NADH

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15
Q

What happens to the CO2 released in the link reaction?

A

It is a waste product

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16
Q

Where do the NADH released in the link reaction go?

A

To the electron transport chain

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17
Q

Cristae in mitochondria role?

A

Increase surface area for oxidative phosphorylation

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18
Q

The rhyme to remember the Kreb’s cycle?

A

DENA DENA A FA NA

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19
Q

The first step of the Kreb’s cycle?

A

Acetyl group from link reaction combines oxaloacetate to make citrate

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20
Q

What happens to citrate in the Kreb’s cycle?

A

Its is dehydrogenated and decarboxylated to release CO2, NADH and a 5C compound (DENA)

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21
Q

Which compound releases ATP in the cycle?

A

The 4C compound that was made from the 5C compound

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22
Q

What happens after the 4C compound releases ATP?

A

It releases FADH and NADH to become oxaloacetate to start the cycle all over again

23
Q

The fourth stage of respiration?

A

Oxidative Phosporylation

24
Q

First step of OP?

A

The NADH and FADH from Kreb’s cycle release their hydrogen atoms

25
Q

What happens to the hydrogen atoms released from NADH and FADH?

A

They split into protons and electrons, the electrons go into the membrane

26
Q

The electron transport chain?

A

3rd stage, electrons move into membrane complexes from hydrogen atoms, they move along the membrane transferring energy at each carrier protein

27
Q

Where do the hydrogen protons go during OP?

A

Pumped into the inner membrane space building a pH gradient (acidic inside)

28
Q

Role of ATP synthase during OP?

A

Moves the protons back to the matrix, rest of membrane is still IMPERMEABLE to them

29
Q

What does the movement of hydrogen protons drive?

A

The synthesis of ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate

30
Q

Where do the protons and electrons go after ATP synthase?

A

They combine with oxygen and form water as the final product

31
Q

The two ways to produce ATP?

A

Substrate level phosphorylation and Chemiosmosis

32
Q

Process of chemiosmosis?

A

Protons flow through ATP synthase and drive rotation of head piece causing ADP + Pi to form ATP

33
Q

The force used to drive formation of ATP?

A

Protonmotive force

34
Q

Why is water an essential product of respiration?

A

Maintains proton and electron gradient, allows flow of protons

35
Q

Why is oxygen essential in aerobic respiration?

A

Without it NADH and FADH cannot be re-oxidized for reuse, means no coenzymes in Link reaction or Krebs, also maintains gradient

36
Q

The two types of anaerobic respiration?

A

Lactate fermentation and ethanol fermentation

37
Q

Where does lactate fermentation occur?

A

In muscle cells of mammals

38
Q

Where does ethanol fermentation occur?

A

Yeast, plants and fungi

39
Q

Characteristics of anaerobic respiration?

A

NO oxygen included, lower ATP yield and occurs in the cytoplasm

40
Q

Outline the process of lactate fermentation?

A

Pyruvates get oxidized by reduced NAD providing it with hydrogen, then pyruvate becomes lactate

41
Q

What is a hepatocyte?

A

Liver cell

42
Q

What catalyzes the oxidization of pyruvate?

A

Lactate dehydrogenase

43
Q

What occurs if there is a build up of lactate?

A

Oxygen debt

44
Q

What does hydrogen become in lactate fermentation?

A

Hydrogen acceptor for NAD

45
Q

Hepatocytes, what do they do?

A

Converts lactate into pyruvates or glycogen, high O2 then pyruvates used for Link and Kreb’s, removal of lactate = heavy breathing, O2 replaces lactate that was converted into pyruvates which results in oxygen debt and fatigue.

46
Q

Outline the process of ethanol fermentation?

A

Pyruvate from glycolysis get decarboxylated by decarboxylase to become ethanal, the ethanal then oxides with NAD and is converted into ethanol dehydrogenase to become ethanol

47
Q

Yeast is described as what?

A

A facultative anaerobe

48
Q

What is a facultative anaerobe?

A

Will aerobically respire to make ATP but when low O2 will switch to anaerobic respiration

49
Q

What are mammals described as?

A

Obligate aerobe

50
Q

What is an obligate aerobe?

A

Only synthesizes ATP in presence of O2, products need O2 to be broken down

51
Q

Why is anaerobic respiration useful?

A

Oxidizes NAD so glycolysis can continue and dehydrogenation reactions

52
Q

What are some other respiratory substrates?

A

Triglycerides and proteins

53
Q

How are triglycerides a respiratory substrate?

A

They can be hydrolyzed back into fatty acids and glycerol, can be converted into pyruvate to be used in Kreb’s cycle as Acetyl CoA

54
Q

How are proteins a respiratory substrate?

A

Hydrolyzed into amino acids and deamination before entering respiratory pathway via pyruvate

55
Q

Equation to work out the respiratory quotient (RQ)?

A

CO2 produced/O2 consumed

56
Q
A

A Level Biology (12 decks)

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