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Core B: Updated > The nervous system > Flashcards

The nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

What are the components of the nervous system?

A

The nervous system consists of the brain, spinal cord, nerves, sensory and motor nerves.

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2
Q

What does the peripheral nervous system consist of?

A

Nerves that branch out from the brain and spinal cord.

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3
Q

Give the meaning of nerves

A

Bundle of neurons

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4
Q

Give the meaning of neurons

A

Nerve cells

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5
Q

Give the meaning of a nerve impulse

A

Electrical signal that transmits along a neuron

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6
Q

What following features do motor neurons have?

A

Dendrites: make connection with other neurons
Cell body that contains a nucleus and other organelles
Axon: carries nerve impulse from body cell

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7
Q

What is myelin sheath?

A

Consists of Schwann cells and specialized cell wrapped around the axon

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8
Q

What is the small gap called between the Schwann cells?

A

Nodes of Ranvier

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9
Q

What does the combination of myelin sheath and Nodes of Ranvier increase?

A

The rate at which the nerve impulse travels along the axon

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10
Q

When the axon branches, what does it form?

A

Axon endings or terminals that makes connections with motor or sensory neurons

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11
Q

Sensory neurons carry —– ——– from receptors that act’s as a —- ——- towards the —

A

nerve impulses
body sensors
CNS

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12
Q

Give the functions of nerve systems

A

Sensory neurons carry nerve impulse from receptors that acts as a body sensor towards the CNS.

CNS takes information contained in inputs from the sensory neuron and processes it

Sends nerve impulses via motor neurons to effector organs.

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13
Q

What are nerve impulses?

A

Electrical signals transmitted from the cell body towards the axon terminals

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14
Q

What happens when a neuron is at rest?

A

There is a small potential difference across the plasma membrane of around -60MV

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15
Q

Phase two of synaptic transmission

A

The inside of the neuron becomes slightly more negative than the outside due to positive Na+ ions which have been pumped out of the neuron

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16
Q

Phase three of synaptic transmission

A

Polarization of the plasma membrane is described as resting potential.

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17
Q

Phase four of synaptic transmission

A

Nerve impulses involves a rapid change in the membrane potential, the membrane becomes depolarized so the inside is slightly more positive compared to the outside.

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18
Q

Phase five of synaptic transmission

A

Process is rapidly reversed in a few milliseconds and becomes repolarized known as action potential

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19
Q

Phase six of synaptic transmission

A

AP is propagated or transmitted along the axon and represents a nerve impulse

20
Q

Phase seven of synaptic transmission

A

Motor neurons are known as myelinated because they have myelin sheath, therefore AP jumps from one Node of Ranvier to the next.

21
Q

What are the connections between neurons called?

A

Synapses

22
Q

Why is transmission of a nerve impulse across a synapse not possible?

A

Because there is a gap.

23
Q

What is the nerve impulse carried across the synapse by?

A

Neurotransmitters

24
Q

Give the meaning of polarisatiom

A

Different electrical charges on either side of the plasma membrane caused by active transport of ions.

25
Q

Give the meaning of depolarisation

A

Reversal of charge difference

26
Q

Give the meaning of repolarisation

A

Restoration of orginal charge difference

27
Q

Role of synaptic knobs

A

Makes connection with muscles or another neuron.

28
Q

When a nerve impulse arrives at a synaptic knob, what occurs after?

A

It releases neurotransmitters from the membrane-based vesicles

29
Q

Give the most common neurotransmitter

A

Acetylcholine

30
Q

What is a reflex action?

A

Automatic response to an external stimulus

31
Q

Why is a reflex action important?

A

It helps to minimize injuries and it is thought of as a survival response.

32
Q

What happens when a stimulus e.g. heat is detected?

A

It is detected by the receptors in the skin and branches off the end of the sensory neuron which transmits a nerve impulse to spinal cord.

Sensory neuron then makes a synapse with a relay neuron which makes a synapse with a motor neuron.

The motor neuron then conducts nerve impulses to arm muscle causing it to contract.

33
Q

What is Parkinson’s disease?

A

A disease that causes a loss of neurons in the substania nigra and the neurons that are lost release dopamine.

Neurodegenerative disease.

34
Q

What does dopamine do?

A

It is involved in regulating movement in the body and the loss of dopamine makes it responsible for symptoms.

35
Q

How can Parkinson’s directly impact the body physically?

A
  • Involuntary shaking of the body creating a tremor
  • Slow movement
  • Stiff and inflexible muscles
36
Q

Give some psychological symptoms of Parkinson’s

A

Anxiety and depression
Balance problems
Insomnia
Anosmia (loss of smell)
Memory problems

37
Q

Give some treatments for Parkinson’s

A

Physiotherapy
OT
Levodopa medication
Surgery

38
Q

Physiotherapy treatment

A

Improves balance and posture
Strengthens muscles
Increase flexibility

39
Q

Occupational Therapy

A

Makes difficult tasks easier
Equipment or gadgets for practical changes

40
Q

Levodopa medication

A

Helps replace lost dopamine
Can cause dramatic improvement at first but then can decrease over time.

41
Q

Give some side effects of Levodopa

A

Tiredness, sickness and dizziness

42
Q

Give some long-term side effects of dyskinesia

A

Uncontrollable jerk movements

43
Q

Surgery

A

Deep brain stimulation which involves inserting a fine wire into the brain and inserting a permanent electrode and attaching it to a pulse generator.

44
Q

What does deep brain stimulation do?

A

It delivers high electrical impulses to improve symptoms

45
Q

Give a risk of having surgery

A

Stroke

Core B: Updated (16 decks)

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