Musculoskeletal system

Question 1

What does the term ‘lateral’ mean?

Answer 1

Further or furthest from the midline.

Question 2

What does the term ‘medial’ mean?

Answer 2

Close or clostest to the midline.

Question 3

What does the term ‘anterior’ mean?

Answer 3

Towards front of body

Question 4

What does the term ‘posterior’ mean?

Answer 4

Towards back of the body.

Question 5

Give the different types of joints.

Answer 5

Fibrous
Cartilaginous
Synovial

Question 6

What are fibrous joints?

Answer 6

Bones that are fused together to create structure. E.g. the skull

Question 7

What are cartilaginous joints?

Answer 7

Bones connected by flexible cartilage that allows for some movement.

Question 8

What are synovial joints?

Answer 8

Flexible and moveable joints.

Question 9

What does the synovial capsule contain and why?

Answer 9

The synovial capsule contains synovial fluid that helps lubricate the joint to allow for easier movement.

Question 10

What do ligaments do?

Answer 10

Connect bone to bone.

Question 11

What do tendons do?

Answer 11

Connects muscle to bone.

Question 12

What do muscle fibres contain and why?

Answer 12

Muscle fibres contain myofibrils that are responsible for muslce contraction.

Question 13

What are muscle fibres held together by?

Answer 13

Bundles of sheath of connective tissue.

Question 14

Give the functions of the skeleton.

Answer 14

Provides support for the body
Protects organs
Blood production
Mineral storage

Question 15

State the difference types of bone.

Answer 15

Long
Short
Flat
Irregular
Sesamoid

Question 16

What two proteins do muscle contain?

Answer 16

Actin and myosin.

Question 17

What protein is contained within thick filament?

Answer 17

Myosin

Question 18

What protein is contained with thin filament?

Answer 18

Actin, troponin, tropomyosin.

Question 19

How are the filaments arranged?

Answer 19

They are arranged in myofibrils in a repeating pattern called sarcomeres.

Question 20

What happens to the sarcomere when the muscles contract?

Answer 20

The sarcomere shortens.

Question 21

Outline the process of sliding filament theory.

Answer 21

1. Thin filaments consist of long chains of actin molecule.
2. Thick filaments are a bundle of myosin molecules so that the ‘head’ groups protrude around the bundle.
3. The ‘head’ group binds to actin molecules
4. When this occurs, a change in shape of the myosin head pulls the filament towards the center of the sarcomere.
5. Myosin head then deatches and energy is transfered from hydrolysis to Adenine Triphosphate (ATP) and the myosin head returns to it’s orginal position.

Question 22

What is the first step in the process of muscle contraction?

Answer 22

In resting state, ADP and inorganic phophate bind to myosin head. Each actin molecule has a binding site for myosin that is covered in tropomyosin that prevents myosin head from binding to actin filaments.

Question 23

What is the second step in the process of muscle contraction?

Answer 23

Calcium ions are stored in the sarcoplasmic recticulum. When a nerve impulse arrives, the calcium ions are released from the sarcoplasmic recticulum to the sarcoplasm.

Question 24

What is the third step in the process of muscle contraction?

Answer 24

Calcium ions will bind to troponin and changes shape causing the tropomyosin to move and expose the binding site of actin.

Question 25

What is the fourth step in the process of muscle contraction?

Answer 25

When the myosin binding site on action is exposed, myosin head binds to actin forming a cross-bridge.

Question 26

What is the fifth step in the process of muscle contraction?

Answer 26

ADP and inorganic phosphate are released from the myosin head causing it to bend that pulls the actin towards the centre of the sarcomere.

Question 27

What is the sixth step in the process of muscle contraction?

Answer 27

As ADP and inorganic phosphate are released from the myosin head, ATP can now bind in their place. This breaks the cross-bridge so the myosin deatches from actin.

Question 28

What is the seventh step in the process of muscle contraction?

Answer 28

Myosin head acts as ATPase, converting the bond ATP to ADP and inorganic phosphate. Energy is released and turns the myosin head back to it's orginal position.

Question 29

what is ATPase?

Answer 29

An enzyme that catalysts the hydrolysis of ATP, releasing energy.

Question 30

What is a sarcoplasmic recticulum?

Answer 30

Specialised form of endoplasmic recticulum found in muscle fibres.

Question 31

what is rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer 31

A chronic inflammatory disease that is autoimmune.

Question 32

Give the cause of RA

Answer 32

When the body produces antibodies against antigens in the joints e.g. synovial membrane and cartliage of synovial joints.

Question 33

Although it is not clear what causes the immune system to attack its own cells, what does some evidence suggest that could contribute to this?

Answer 33

That RA could be a genetic component

Question 34

How does RA impact physically?

Answer 34

It causes soreness and redness because the antibodies attack the synovial membrane that causes these symptoms as chemicals are released that cause damage to nearby bones.

Question 35

If RA is not treated, what may happen?

Answer 35

Joints may become stiff and painful as well as lose shape and alignment.

Question 36

What must patients learn to do because there is no cure?

Answer 36

Take responsibility for their own health Taking prescribed medications Low-impact exercise Being vaccinated against flu and pneumonia.

Question 37

How can RA impact mentally?

Answer 37

As flare-ups are unpredictable, RA can make people feel depressed, frustrated, anger, fear and resentment.

Question 38

What are the four treatment options avaliable for RA?

Answer 38

DMARDS Biological medicines Physiotherapy Surgery

Question 39

Explain how DMARDS work

Answer 39

DMARDS supress the immune system so the cells do not attack it's own cells

Question 40

What is muscular dystrophy?

Answer 40

MD is a gradual weakening of the muscles that leads to increased levels of disability over time.

Question 41

Who does Duchenne's muscular dystrophy impact?

Answer 41

Affects boys in early childhood and often shortens life expectancy.

Question 42

Give the cause of muscular dystrophy.

Answer 42

It is caused by mutations in genes for muscle proteins. The protein targeted is dystrophin that helps stregthen muscle fibres and protects from injury.

Question 43

What does the term 'dominant inherited disorder' mean?

Answer 43

Mutuation is inherited from one parent.

Question 44

What does the term recessive inherited disorder mean?

Answer 44

Mutuation that is inherited from both parents.

Question 45

How can steroids help MD?

Answer 45

Improves muscle strength and function for 6 months up to two years.

Question 46

How can low-impact exercise help?

Answer 46

it can help stregthen muscles and keep flexibilty.